Challenges and Strategies in a Crisis: A Case Study of a Private Educational Institute in Karachi

The purpose of the study was to collect a comprehensive list of leadership challenges faced and strategies utilized during a campus crisis. The crises associated with educational institutions after various involvements by the university section heads and the strategies used in the light of Bolman and Deal’s multi frame to combat these issues were identified. Head of departments from a private educational institute were interviewed about their experiences regarding crisis management and what strategies they had implemented. The participants discussed how leadership shown at their respective level and how it contributed to the overall mission and vision of the institution. The study is focused on reframing the campus leaders on structural, human resources, political and symbolic leadership. The researcher found the main challenge faced by the leaders was the inability to integrate the frames of leadership, which in- turn lead to ineffective strategies of handling crises faced by the educational institution. Like all organizations, an educational institute is not void of problems and requires proper crisis management team. Six major challenges were identified for campus leaders during crisis:( a) Streamline of the policies b) Right personnel on the team c) Physical infrastructure and facilities d) Frequent and regular training and development of the personnel  e) Right people to report to f) Open communication and clear guidelines in the form of well established/updated manual. Study findings suggested that it is not the type of crisis but the amount of devastation caused by the leadership when challenges are not dealt appropriately.  Some leaders were found relying on structure heavily and ignored other frames. Others followed the human resources role where the leader believed in people and communicated their belief and empowered others, at times ignoring their own growth and collaboration. The political role created cynicism and mistrust. Political leaders were too work oriented and were misunderstood to be amoral, scheming and unconcerned .Findings from this study provided not only an overview of leadership challenges and strategies during campus crisis, but insight into a variety of crisis types, and practical application strategies for higher educational administrators

ESSENTIAL EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS FOR MARKETING CAREERS: GAP ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND PROFESSION

This study investigates generic skills, technical abilities andconceptual knowledge required by employers of marketingprofessionals. The first part of the research is based upon the contentanalysis of 375 advertisements of marketing jobs. These competencieswere classified in two categories i.e. generic skills and technicalmarketing skills. With regards to generic skills, oral/writtencommunication, leadership and team work has come out as preferredby employers. The Industry knowledge and sales management are themost desirable technical skills that are required by employers. In thesecond phase 16 marketing executives ranked the competencies theyprefer while hiring marketing professionals. Lastly an exploratorystudy was conducted to find out if essential competencies are deliveredthrough curriculum of marketing or not. ‘Industry specific knowledge’and forecasting and budgeting are two areas that are not sufficientlycovered by the marketing curriculum

CONSUMER INNOVATIVENESS LEADING TO INNOVATION ADOPTION

Innovation is the key to success, therefore innovators need to be influenced for innovation adoption; through market analysis for consumers possess the necessary traits to understand the value of innovation in their lifestyles. This research study has analyzed the mobile phone consumer market empirically for the traits that are necessary for the adoption of innovation and has identified the market segments that are more motivated to embrace innovativeness. A consumer survey is conducted by using an adopted scale from 404 respondents. The data is analyzed by factor analysis, and 2 SLS regression method. The results reveal that consumer innovativeness is strongly influenced by personality traits such as intelligence, rationality, self-efficacy, interconnectedness, cosmopolites, and subjective norm. The study further provides the insight that consumers are ready to adopt the innovation and possess the necessary innovativeness trait to intellectually and rationally evaluate the innovative offering available in the marke

Consumer Innovativeness Leading to Innovation Adoption

With the changing trends in this world, innovative economy is the emerging idea that is vital for the economies, countries and organizations to grow and sustain. Innovation is the key to success and the innovators need to be influenced for adoption. For that reason, there is need of market analysis if consumers are ready for adopting the innovations that are offered to them, do they possess the necessary traits to understand the benefits of innovation in their lifestyles. This insight has given an opportunity to this research for analyzing the consumer market empirically for the traits that are necessary for the adoption of innovation. This study it further identify the market segment that are inclined possess the trait of innovativeness higher than the others. A survey questionnaire was adopted from literature; data was collected from almost 481 consumers belonging to Karachi from the age bracket of 15 to 54. The factor analysis, correlation, regression and 2SLS method was applied; results showed that consumer innovativeness is strongly influenced by personality traits such as intelligence, rationality and self-efficacy and socialization by interconnectedness, cosmopoliteness and subjective norm. The study reveals the insight that consumers are ready to adopt the innovation and possess the trait of innovativeness that has the capabilities to intellectually and rationally evaluate the innovative offering. Keywords: Consumer innovativeness, Innovation adoption, smart phone

Traditional usage of medicinal plants by Temiar tribes in the State of Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia

Traditional medicine has deep historical linkages and cultural roots. In a rural community, it is practice based on the ethnological, medical and heritage of the practitioners. Temiar indigenous tribe of Orang Asli in Kelantan, have their traditional way of beliefs and healing practices. This study examines the remedies using medicinal plants and herbs among the tribe members in Kampung Pasik, Kelantan, Malaysia. A structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews were conducted with 250 respondents. A total of 18 species of medicinal plants was recorded preferably used by the tribes. Results indicate that traditional phytoremedies practices play an important role in helping their healthcare system with the help of the tribe healers. Cultivated medicinal plant species represent 94% of the source, whereas 4.4% were found wild in the forest and 1.6% grown around their settlement. This study revealed that five preparations methods such as boiling (27.56%), pounded (27.45%), squeeze (21.60%), drying (14.17%) or concoction of various part of medicinal plants (9.22%). The most applied were by drinking (35.29%), chewing (32.70%) and 19.89% rubbing, poultice (6.40%) and shower ingredients (5.72%)

Feasibility Study of a Low Cost Saltwater Lamp for Rural Area

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources and cannot be depleted. Solar energy is the fastest growing source of renewable energy but the high installation and maintenance cost of a solar system has restrained the consumers from adopting this technology at their home or commercial building. This is especially true for those in developing countries. A new promising renewable energy source known as saltwater energy that takes advantage of the conductive nature of salt water to generate electricity, has intrigued many people. A study has been conducted to develop and produce saltwater-powered devices especially for rural and remote communities in Malaysia as well as worldwide. To main objective of this study is to determine the factors that affect the performance of the saltwater energy generation such as electrode’s combinations, number of cells and the durability of the electrodes. It was found that the choice of electrodes as anode and cathode does affect the voltage output. However, due to the small power produce, the number of cells must be increased to produce enough power to light up a led light and to provide power to USB port. This paper also conducted a cost analysis of using the saltwater lamp and compared it with a solar system. Although the difference in the cost per hour is very small, there are a number of disadvantages of solar system that need to be aware of. The findings obtained from these experiments will be used to design a prototype of the illumination technology for further product development

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe