La recepción de la encíclica Humanae vitae en las revistas teológicas polacas de los años 1968-2000

Esta tesis presenta la recepción de la encíclica Humanae vitae en las revistas teológicas de los años 1968 al 2000. Dividida en dos partes generales y precedida por un capítulo introductorio donde se trata sobre los temas de la ética sexual matrimonial que aparecieron en las revistas teológicas polacas antes de la promulgación de la Humanae vitae, intenta analizar, sistemática y cronológicamente, la forma de entender y explicar, por parte de los teólogos polacos, las normas morales dadas por Pablo VI a la Iglesia. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en exponer el pensamiento de los teólogos de Polonia en cuanto a la interpretación de los fundamentos doctrinales de la Humanae vitae. Desde la perspectiva de la visión integral del hombre se presentan los rasgos antropológicos de la encíclica, especialmente en lo referido a la ley natural, a la naturaleza, y, consecuentemente, al carácter infalible del documento. Las normas concretas encaminan la reflexión en la segunda parte, dividida en cuatro capítulos: sobre el amor conyugal, sobre la paternidad responsable, sobre la valoración de los medios de la regulación de la natalidad con el acento puesto en el aborto, y las indicaciones pastorales. El estudio muestra claramente que los teólogos polacos en las publicaciones estudiadas no se opusieron a la encíclica Humanae vitae, más bien en ella encuentran todas las respuestas sobre el misterio del matrimonio, presentan el carácter plenamente humano del cristianismo y de las normas doctrinales acerca de la vida matrimonial y familiar, tan cuidadosamente expuestas en la encíclica de Pablo VI

Is callose a barrier for lead ions entering Lemna minor L. root cells?

Plants have developed a range of strategies for resisting environmental stresses. One of the most common is the synthesis and deposition of callose, which functions as a barrier against stress factor penetration. The aim of our study was to examine whether callose forms an efficient barrier against Pb penetration in the roots of Lemna minor L. exposed to this metal. The obtained results showed that Pb induced callose synthesis in L. minor roots, but it was not deposited regularly in all tissues and cells. Callose occurred mainly in the protoderm and in the centre of the root tip (procambial central cylinder). Moreover, continuous callose bands, which could form an efficient barrier for Pb penetration, were formed only in the newly formed and anticlinal cell walls (CWs); while in other CWs, callose formed only small clusters or incomplete bands. Such an arrangement of callose within root CWs inefficiently protected the protoplast from Pb penetration. As a result, Pb was commonly present inside the root cells. In the light of the results, the barrier role of callose against metal ion penetration appears to be less obvious than previously believed. It was indicated that induction of callose synthesis is not enough for a successful blockade of the stress factor penetration. Furthermore, it would appear that the pattern of callose distribution has an important role in this defence strategy

Root traits explain plant species distributions along climatic gradients yet challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs

Ecological theory is built on trade-offs, where trait differences among species evolved as adaptations to different environments. Trade-offs are often assumed to be bidirectional, where opposite ends of a gradient in trait values confer advantages in different environments. However, unidirectional benefits could be widespread if extreme trait values confer advantages at one end of an environmental gradient, whereas a wide range of trait values are equally beneficial at the other end. Here, we show that root traits explain species occurrences along broad gradients of temperature and water availability, but model predictions only resembled trade-offs in two out of 24 models. Forest species with low specific root length and high root tissue density (RTD) were more likely to occur in warm climates but species with high specific root length and low RTD were more likely to occur in cold climates. Unidirectional benefits were more prevalent than trade-offs: for example, species with large-diameter roots and high RTD were more commonly associated with dry climates, but species with the opposite trait values were not associated with wet climates. Directional selection for traits consistently occurred in cold or dry climates, whereas a diversity of root trait values were equally viable in warm or wet climates. Explicit integration of unidirectional benefits into ecological theory is needed to advance our understanding of the consequences of trait variation on species responses to environmental change.</p

Precision restoration: a necessary approach to foster forest recovery in the 21st century

We thank S. Tabik, E. Guirado, and Garnata Drone SL for fruitful debates about the application of remote sensing and artificial intelligence in restoration. E. McKeown looked over the English version of the manuscript. Original drawings were made by J. D. Guerrero. This work was supported by projects RESISTE (P18-RT-1927) from the Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, y Universidad from the Junta de Andalucia, and AVA201601.19 (NUTERA-DE I), DETECTOR (A-RNM-256-UGR18), and AVA2019.004 (NUTERA-DE II), cofinanced (80%) by the FEDER Program. F.M.-R. acknowledges the support of the Agreement 4580 between OTRI-UGR and the city council of La Zubia. We thank an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments that improved the manuscript.Forest restoration is currently a primary objective in environmental management policies at a global scale, to the extent that impressive initiatives and commitments have been launched to plant billions of trees. However, resources are limited and the success of any restoration effort should be maximized. Thus, restoration programs should seek to guarantee that what is planted today will become an adult tree in the future, a simple fact that, however, usually receives little attention. Here, we advocate for the need to focus restoration efforts on an individual plant level to increase establishment success while reducing negative side effects by using an approach that we term “precision forest restoration” (PFR). The objective of PFR will be to ensure that planted seedlings or sowed seeds will become adult trees with the appropriate landscape configuration to create functional and self-regulating forest ecosystems while reducing the negative impacts of traditional massive reforestation actions. PFR can take advantage of ecological knowledge together with technologies and methodologies from the landscape scale to the individual- plant scale, and from the more traditional, low-tech approaches to the latest high-tech ones. PFR may be more expensive at the level of individual plants, but will be more cost-effective in the long term if it allows for the creation of resilient forests able to providemultiple ecosystemservices. PFR was not feasible a few years ago due to the high cost and low precision of the available technologies, but it is currently an alternative that might reformulate a wide spectrum of ecosystem restoration activities.Junta de Andalucia P18-RT-1927European Commission AVA201601.19 A-RNM-256-UGR18 AVA2019.004OTRI-UGR 4580city council of La Zubia 458

A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements

In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I–VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers’ views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning

La recepción de la encíclica Humanae vitae en las revistas teológicas polacas de los años 1968-2000

Esta tesis presenta la recepción de la encíclica Humanae vitae en las revistas teológicas de los años 1968 al 2000. Dividida en dos partes generales y precedida por un capítulo introductorio donde se trata sobre los temas de la ética sexual matrimonial que aparecieron en las revistas teológicas polacas antes de la promulgación de la Humanae vitae, intenta analizar, sistemática y cronológicamente, la forma de entender y explicar, por parte de los teólogos polacos, las normas morales dadas por Pablo VI a la Iglesia. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en exponer el pensamiento de los teólogos de Polonia en cuanto a la interpretación de los fundamentos doctrinales de la Humanae vitae. Desde la perspectiva de la visión integral del hombre se presentan los rasgos antropológicos de la encíclica, especialmente en lo referido a la ley natural, a la naturaleza, y, consecuentemente, al carácter infalible del documento. Las normas concretas encaminan la reflexión en la segunda parte, dividida en cuatro capítulos: sobre el amor conyugal, sobre la paternidad responsable, sobre la valoración de los medios de la regulación de la natalidad con el acento puesto en el aborto, y las indicaciones pastorales. El estudio muestra claramente que los teólogos polacos en las publicaciones estudiadas no se opusieron a la encíclica Humanae vitae, más bien en ella encuentran todas las respuestas sobre el misterio del matrimonio, presentan el carácter plenamente humano del cristianismo y de las normas doctrinales acerca de la vida matrimonial y familiar, tan cuidadosamente expuestas en la encíclica de Pablo VI

Interaction between microfungi from arable and fallow land soils and Heterobasidion annosum in vitro

Interactions between members of microfungal communities of three arable and two fallow land soils and three P strains of Heterobasidion annosum were investigated in vitro. The effect of soil fungi on the pathogen was evaluated with two methods. In the first, the mycelial growth of H. annosum strains was measured and the experimental data were analysed using statistics. In the second, the biotic series method was used. The differences between the effects of soil fungi dominating in arable and fallow land soils were statistically significant. The microfungal communities of fallow land soils inhibited the growth of the pathogen more than those inhabiting arable soils. Evaluation of suppressive effect of the soil fungi on the pathogen with biotic series method showed also far more negative influence of microfungal communities of fallow land soils on the growth of H. annosum strains. Considering the positive effect of chemical and biological properties of the fallow land soils on the growth of Scots pine and highly suppressive effect of microfungal communities of these soils on the growth of H. annosum observed in the presented study, it may be concluded that arable soils left barren for many years are more beneficial for establishing of Scots pine plantations than cultivated soils

Modernization Ways of Traditional Wooden Buildings in the Jura Areas

Na obszarze Jury Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej zachowało się wiele budynków o konstrukcji drewnianej, których stan wymaga przeprowadzenia prac renowacyjnych. Modernizacja takich obiektów w celu przystosowania ich do współczesnych wymogów w zakresie fizyki budowli jest skomplikowana i wymaga indywidualnych decyzji. W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązania możliwości modernizacji drewnianych budynków letniskowych zlokalizowanych na terenie Olsztyna, miejscowości znajdującej się w pobliżu Częstochowy. Podano rozwiązania projektowe modernizowanych ścian zewnętrznych i stropów.This article concerns different aspects or summer buildings on the examples located in Olsztyn near Częstochowa. It presents simplified architectural analysis or a wooden building which is a typical example or recreation building in this area

PENETRATION ET TRAVERSEE D'UNE BARRIERE DE CHAMP MAGNETIQUE TRANSVERSE PAR UN PLASMA PUREMENT IONIQUE

On a étudié théoriquement et expérimentalement la pénétration et la traversée d'une barrière de champ magnétique transverse par un plasma purement ionique H+, H-. Bien que la distribution du champ électrique permettant la traversée diffère profondément de ce qu'elle est dans un plasma ordinaire, on a retrouvé un champ critique. L'approche de ce champ a pu être étudiée. Phénomène inobservé sur les plasmas ordinaires : une fraction du plasma continue de traverser la barrière lorsque la hauteur de celle-ci excède le champ critique.Penetration and crossing of a barrier of transverse magnetic field by a purely ionic H+, H- plasma has been experimentally and theoretically studied. Although the electric field distribution which allows the crossing is deeply different from what it is in an ordinary plasma, a critical field was also found. The approach of this field has been studied. Phenomenon which is not observed on the ordinary plasmas : a fraction of plasma crosses away the barrier when the height of this one exceeds the critical field