Diffuse supernova neutrinos at underground laboratories

I review the physics of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino flux (or Background, DSNB), in the context of future searches at the next generation of neutrino observatories. The theory of the DSNB is discussed in its fundamental elements, namely the cosmological rate of supernovae, neutrino production inside a core collapse supernova, redshift, and flavor oscillation effects. The current upper limits are also reviewed, and results are shown for the rates and energy distributions of the events expected at future liquid argon and liquid scintillator detectors of O(10) kt mass, and water Cherenkov detectors up to a 0.5 Mt mass. Perspectives are given on the significance of future observations of the DSNB, both at the discovery and precision phases, for the investigation of the physics of supernovae and of the properties of the neutrino.Comment: latex, 94 pages. 35 figures and 13 tables. Version extensively updated. Accepted in Astroparticle Physic

Evaluation of c-kit (CD 117) expression as a prognostic factor in testicular germ cell tumors: an Izmir Oncology Group (IZOG) study

Purpose: Despite the successful use of targeted and molecular therapies in other cancers, little progress has been made in the management of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). c-kit (CD 117) is a good target for cancer treatment and possesses an impressive role in the current oncological practice. We aimed to evaluate c-kit expression in early stage TGCTs as a prognostic factor

Evaluation of the WEPP model and digital elevation grid size, for simulation of streamflow and sediment yield in a heterogeneous catchment

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was tested using data from a detailed study conducted on experimental plots in the Apennines Mountain Range, northern Italy. Runoff, soil water and sediment data, together with weather information, were collected on an hourly basis at the study site. WEPP was first applied to simulate transient surface runoff, soil water and erosion. Two important input parameters, the biomass energy ratio for crop and the effective hydraulic conductivity of surface soil, were calibrated using field-observed runoff, soil water, erosion and plant biomass data. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the hydrologic and erosion impacts of three typical crop rotations, thereby to evaluate their abilities in reducing surface runoff and sediment yield. Results indicated that, with the definition of a restrictive layer at the bottom of the soil profile and the calibration of the two crucial model parameters, WEPP could adequately account for the water balance for the modeled experimental plot. For the study area, continuous corn with a conservation practice that delayed primary and secondary tillages produced low surface runoff and soil erosion, from both field observation and WEPP modeling. However, this mono-cultural practice may lead to accelerated soil-quality degradation. On the other hand, a four-year-rotation, corn–wheat–alfalfa–alfalfa, was predicted to substantially reduce soil erosion and has potential to become a sustainable cropping system under the pedo-climatic settings of the study area