A NOVEL CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION PROCESS: PRESSURE DROP AND SOLID CIRCULATION RATE MODELLING

Experimental results from a cold flow unit of a novel chemical looping combustion configuration are presented in this paper. The system employs a non-mechanical lvalve to control solid flow rate and uses loop-seals to minimize gas leakage. A model was developed to predict solid flow rate and pressure variation in different elements of the system. The developed model was able to well predict solid flow rate within an error range of 10% for a wide solid flux range of 70 – 150 kg/m².s. Sensibility of the solid flow rate was analyzed for different operating parameters by aid of the model. Particles diameter demonstrated to have highest impact on the solid flow rate. Particles density and solid inventory in the reactor were affecting the solid flow rate with less impact. Pressure variation loop over the first section of the system was finally presented for three different solid flow rate

ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP - CASE STUDY: SEPAHAN STEEL COMPANY

The present study examines role and effect of social capital on organizational structure and entrepreneurship in Sepahan Steel Company. In this research, the organizational – mechanical structures and knowledge base in entrepreneurship are discussed in detail. The primary goal of this research is to evaluate effect of social capital on entrepreneurship in Sepahan Steel Company. It is an applied descriptive survey. The population consists of 71 employees of Sepahan Steel Company. The documentary method of research was used to collect data on theoretical framework considering the research hypotheses. Data gathered through questionnaires and data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The questionnaire consists of author-made items in 5-point liker scale. Pearson correlation method was used to test hypotheses, and the results showed that there was a significantly positive relationship between entrepreneurship and social capital in its three aspects namely, structural, cognitive and relational.  Article visualizations

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

BACKGROUND: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. FINDINGS: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. INTERPRETATION: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. FUNDING: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38)

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases : findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

DATA SHARING STATEMENT : Data used for the analyses are publicly available from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (http://www.healthdata.org/; http:// ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool).BACKGROUND : The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. METHODS : We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. FINDINGS : In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. INTERPRETATION : The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively.The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Support from Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital; Shaqra University; the School of Pharmacy, University of Botswana; the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Fellowship; the Italian Center of Precision Medicine and Chronic Inflammation in Milan; the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia; Jazan University, Saudi Arabia; the Clinician Scientist Program of the Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA) of the University Hospital Essen; AIMST University, Malaysia; the Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; a Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney; the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary; Taipei Medical University; CREATE Hope Scientific Fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia; the National Institute for Health and Care Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and an NIHR Clinical Lectureship in Respiratory Medicine; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal; Author Gate Publications; the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Nassau University Medical center; the Italian Ministry of Health (RRC); King Abdulaziz University (DSR), Jeddah, and King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACSAT), Saudi Arabia, Science & Technology Development Fund (STDF), and US-Egypt Science & Technology joint Fund: The Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), Egypt; partially supported by the Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning; the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad Pakistan; Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program; the Belgian American Educational Foundation; Health Data Research UK; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Institute of Health Carlos III, CIBERSAM, and INCLIVA; the Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Shaqra University; Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and SRM Institute of Science and Technology; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan; the Chinese University of Hong Kong Research Committee Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme; the institutional support of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt; the European (EU) and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, UK-National Institute for Health and Care Research, the Mahathir Science Award Foundation and EU-EDCTP.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Etude d'une installation de combustion de gaz en boucle chimique

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a promising novel combustion technology involving inherent separation of carbon dioxide with minimum energy penalty. An oxygen carrier is used to continuously transfer oxygen from the air reactor to the fuel reactor where the oxygen is delivered to burn the fuel. Consequently, direct contact between the air and the fuel is prevented. The resulting flue gas is rich in CO2 without N2 dilution. The reduced oxygen carrier is then transported back to the air reactor for re-oxidation purposes, hence forming a chemical loop.This dissertation presents studies conducted on a novel 10 kWth CLC configuration built to investigate a wide range of conditions. The system employs concept of interconnected bubbling fluidized beds using L-valves to control solid flow rate and loop-seals to maximize gas tightness. Hydrodynamics of solid circulation was investigated with a cold flow prototype and a high temperature pilot plant in a wide temperature range. A solid circulation model was developed based on the experimental results using the pressure balance principle. Hydrodynamic of the gas phase in the reactors was investigated through RTD studies. A hydrodynamic model was then developed based on the two phase model of bubbling fluidized beds. Methane Combustion was experimentally studied in the pilot plant using NiO/NiAl2O4 oxygen carriers. Good combustion performances and CO2 capture efficiency were achieved. A reactor model was finally developed using the previously developed hydrodynamic model of bubbling fluidized bed and adapting a reaction schemeLa combustion en boucle chimique (CLC) est une nouvelle technologie prometteuse, qui implique la séparation inhérente du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) avec une perte minimale d'énergie. Un transporteur d'oxygène est utilisé pour le transfert de l'oxygène en continu du "réacteur air" vers le "réacteur fuel" où l'oxygène est apporté au combustible. Ainsi, le contact direct entre l'air et le combustible est évité. Le gaz résultant est riche en CO2 et n'est pas dilué avec de l'azote. Le transporteur d'oxygène réduit est ensuite transporté vers le "réacteur air" afin d'être ré-oxydé, formant ainsi une boucle chimique.Ce manuscrit présente des études conduites en utilisant une nouvelle configuration de CLC de 10 kWth construite pour étudier une large gamme de conditions opératoires. Cette unité met en oeuvre le concept des lits fluidisés interconnectés en utilisant des vannes-en-L pour contrôler le débit de solide et des siphons pour minimiser les fuites de gaz. L'hydrodynamique de la circulation de solide a été étudiée sur une maquette froide et un pilote chaud. Un modèle de la circulation du solide a ensuite été développé sur le principe du bilan de pression.L'hydrodynamique de la phase gaz dans le réacteur a été étudiée expérimentalement en utilisant la distribution des temps de séjour (DTS). Un modèle hydrodynamique a été développé sur le principe du lit fluidisé bouillonnant à deux phases. La combustion du méthane a été étudiée avec NiO/NiAl2O4 comme transporteur d'oxygène. De bonnes performances de combustion et de captage de CO2 ont été atteintes. Un modèle de réacteur a été finalement mis au point en utilisant le modèle hydrodynamique du lit fluidisé bouillonnant développé précédemment et en adaptant un schéma réactionnel à cette configuratio

Investigation of a Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) Configuration with Gas Feed

La combustion en boucle chimique (CLC) est une nouvelle technologie prometteuse, qui implique la séparation inhérente du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) avec une perte minimale d'énergie. Un transporteur d'oxygène est utilisé pour le transfert de l'oxygène en continu du "réacteur air" vers le "réacteur fuel" où l'oxygène est apporté au combustible. Ainsi, le contact direct entre l'air et le combustible est évité. Le gaz résultant est riche en CO2 et n'est pas dilué avec de l'azote. Le transporteur d'oxygène réduit est ensuite transporté vers le "réacteur air" afin d'être ré-oxydé, formant ainsi une boucle chimique.Ce manuscrit présente des études conduites en utilisant une nouvelle configuration de CLC de 10 kWth construite pour étudier une large gamme de conditions opératoires. Cette unité met en oeuvre le concept des lits fluidisés interconnectés en utilisant des vannes-en-L pour contrôler le débit de solide et des siphons pour minimiser les fuites de gaz. L'hydrodynamique de la circulation de solide a été étudiée sur une maquette froide et un pilote chaud. Un modèle de la circulation du solide a ensuite été développé sur le principe du bilan de pression.L'hydrodynamique de la phase gaz dans le réacteur a été étudiée expérimentalement en utilisant la distribution des temps de séjour (DTS). Un modèle hydrodynamique a été développé sur le principe du lit fluidisé bouillonnant à deux phases. La combustion du méthane a été étudiée avec NiO/NiAl2O4 comme transporteur d'oxygène. De bonnes performances de combustion et de captage de CO2 ont été atteintes. Un modèle de réacteur a été finalement mis au point en utilisant le modèle hydrodynamique du lit fluidisé bouillonnant développé précédemment et en adaptant un schéma réactionnel à cette configurationChemical looping combustion (CLC) is a promising novel combustion technology involving inherent separation of carbon dioxide with minimum energy penalty. An oxygen carrier is used to continuously transfer oxygen from the air reactor to the fuel reactor where the oxygen is delivered to burn the fuel. Consequently, direct contact between the air and the fuel is prevented. The resulting flue gas is rich in CO2 without N2 dilution. The reduced oxygen carrier is then transported back to the air reactor for re-oxidation purposes, hence forming a chemical loop.This dissertation presents studies conducted on a novel 10 kWth CLC configuration built to investigate a wide range of conditions. The system employs concept of interconnected bubbling fluidized beds using L-valves to control solid flow rate and loop-seals to maximize gas tightness. Hydrodynamics of solid circulation was investigated with a cold flow prototype and a high temperature pilot plant in a wide temperature range. A solid circulation model was developed based on the experimental results using the pressure balance principle. Hydrodynamic of the gas phase in the reactors was investigated through RTD studies. A hydrodynamic model was then developed based on the two phase model of bubbling fluidized beds. Methane Combustion was experimentally studied in the pilot plant using NiO/NiAl2O4 oxygen carriers. Good combustion performances and CO2 capture efficiency were achieved. A reactor model was finally developed using the previously developed hydrodynamic model of bubbling fluidized bed and adapting a reaction schem