M. J. Woodby to Mr. Meredith (2 October 1962)

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mercorr_pro/1444/thumbnail.jp

Spring Migration of Eiders and Other Waterbirds at Point Barrow, Alaska

Birds migrating along the flaw lead at Point Barrow, Alaska were observed from 6 May to 4 June 1976. Little migration occurred until 25 and 26 May, when winds shifted from northeasterly to southwesterly and widened the lead. King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) were the most abundant migrant; their movements were greatest with southwesterly (following) winds and between 1200 and 1800 h (Alaska Daylight Savings Time). On 26 May 360,000 King Eiders passed within a 10-hour period. Ninety percent of the migrant Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) moved east by 25 May. Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) and Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) were most abundant in early June and the bulk of their migration probably occurred after 4 June. Male King Eiders passed mostly in May while females were more common in June, suggesting that this species delays pair bonding until the latter part of their migration. This strategy necessitates an early migration and introduces the risk of possible starvation due to late spring freezing in the high Arctic.Key words: waterbirds, eiders, King Eiders, Somateria spectabilis; Glaucuous Gulls, Larus hyperboreus; Common Eiders, Somateria mollissima; Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis; migrationMots clés: oiseaux marins, eiders, eiders respectable, Somateria spectabilis; goéland bourgmestre, Larus hyperboreus; eider commun, Somateria mollisima; canard à longue queue, Clangula hyemalis; migratio

SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Exposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that air pollution exposure is associated with increased cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19–associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant exposure affects viral infection and pathogenesis of COVID-19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential molecular mechanisms that could account for this association. We have focused on the potential effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) since there are studies investigating how exposure to these pollutants affects the life cycle of other viruses. We have concluded that pollutant exposure may affect different stages of the viral life cycle, including inhibition of mucociliary clearance, alteration of viral receptors and proteases required for entry, changes to antiviral interferon production and viral replication, changes in viral assembly mediated by autophagy, prevention of uptake by macrophages, and promotion of viral spread by increasing epithelial permeability. We believe that exposure to pollutants skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic immune responses, as opposed to antiviral responses. Exposure to air pollutants could also predispose exposed populations toward developing COIVD-19–associated immunopathology, enhancing virus-induced tissue inflammation and damage

The Elimination of Cigarette Broadcast Advertising: A Model for Analysis and Prediction

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of determining whether or not the history of cigarette advertising in broadcasting developed a pattern from which a model could be abstracted and applied to other product advertisements deemed "controversial" in broadcasting. The history of broadcast cigarette advertising is analyzed in an attempt to abstract a model, The .assumption is made that this model could be capable of predicting future regulation or elimination of broadcast advertising of controversial products

The BorrowBike

The BorrowBike is turning UP\u27s bike rental system from an inconvenient process to a hassle-free swipe of a card. BorrowBike\u27s smart lock and online web application streamlines the check-out process and allows bikes to be rented at any time of the day.https://pilotscholars.up.edu/egr_project/1025/thumbnail.jp

Application of Marine Protected Areas for Sustainable Production and Marine Biodiversity off Alaska

Fisheries managers have established many marine protected areas (MPA’s) in the Federal and state waters off Alaska to protect ecological structure and function, establish control sites for scientific research studies, conserve benthic habitat, protect vulnerable stocks, and protect cultural resources. Many MPA’s achieve multiple objectives. Over 40 named MPA’s, many of which include several sites, encompass virtually all Federal waters off Alaska and most of the state waters where commercial fisheries occur. All of the MPA’s include measures to prohibit a particular fishery or gear type (particularly bottom trawls) on a seasonal or year-round basis, and several MPA’s prohibit virtually all commercial fishing. Although the effectiveness of MPA’s is difficult to evaluate on an individual basis, as a group they are an important component of the management program for sustainable fisheries and conserving marine biodiversity off Alaska

Risk of vicarious trauma in nursing research:a focused mapping review and synthesis

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To provide a snapshot of how vicarious trauma is considered within the published nursing research literature. BACKGROUND: Vicarious trauma (secondary traumatic stress) has been the focus of attention in nursing practice for many years. The most pertinent areas to invoke vicarious trauma in research have been suggested as abuse/violence and death/dying. What is not known is how researchers account for the risks of vicarious trauma in research. DESIGN: Focused mapping review and synthesis. Empirical studies meeting criteria for abuse/violence or death/dying in relevant Scopus ranked top nursing journals (n = 6) January 2009 to December 2014. METHODS: Relevant papers were scrutinised for the extent to which researchers discussed the risk of vicarious trauma. Aspects of the studies were mapped systematically to a pre-defined template, allowing patterns and gaps in authors' reporting to be determined. These were synthesised into a coherent profile of current reporting practices and from this, a new conceptualisation seeking to anticipate and address the risk of vicarious trauma was developed. RESULTS: Two thousand five hundred and three papers were published during the review period, of which 104 met the inclusion criteria. Studies were distributed evenly by method (52 qualitative; 51 quantitative; one mixed methods) and by focus (54 abuse/violence; 50 death/dying). The majority of studies (98) were carried out in adult populations. Only two papers reported on vicarious trauma. CONCLUSION: The conceptualisation of vicarious trauma takes account of both sensitivity of the substantive data collected, and closeness of those involved with the research. This might assist researchers in designing ethical and protective research and foreground the importance of managing risks of vicarious trauma. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Vicarious trauma is not well considered in research into clinically important topics. Our proposed framework allows for consideration of these so that precautionary measures can be put in place to minimise harm to staff

Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Smoking remains one of the few potentially preventable factors associated with low birthweight, preterm birth and perinatal death. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking cessation programs implemented during pregnancy on the health of the fetus, infant, mother, and family. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register (July 2003), MEDLINE (January 2002 to July 2003), EMBASE (January 2002 to July 2003), PsychLIT (January 2002 to July 2003), CINAHL (January 2002 to July 2003), and AUSTHEALTH (January 2002 to 2003). We contacted trial authors to locate additional unpublished data. We handsearched references of identified trials and recent obstetric journals. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of smoking cessation programs implemented during pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Four reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. MAIN RESULTS: This review included 64 trials. Fifty-one randomised controlled trials (20,931 women) and six cluster-randomised trials (over 7500 women) provided data on smoking cessation and/or perinatal outcomes. Despite substantial variation in the intensity of the intervention and the extent of reminders and reinforcement through pregnancy, there was an increase in the median intensity of both 'usual care' and interventions over time. There was a significant reduction in smoking in the intervention groups of the 48 trials included: (relative risk (RR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 0.95), an absolute difference of six in 100 women continuing to smoke. The 36 trials with validated smoking cessation had a similar reduction (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.95). Smoking cessation interventions reduced low birthweight (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.94) and preterm birth (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.98), and there was a 33 g (95% CI 11 g to 55 g) increase in mean birthweight. There were no statistically significant differences in very low birthweight, stillbirths, perinatal or neonatal mortality but these analyses had very limited power. One intervention strategy, rewards plus social support (two trials), resulted in a significantly greater smoking reduction than other strategies (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.82). Five trials of smoking relapse prevention (over 800 women) showed no statistically significant reduction in relapse. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation programs in pregnancy reduce the proportion of women who continue to smoke, and reduce low birthweight and preterm birth. The pooled trials have inadequate power to detect reductions in perinatal mortality or very low birthweight