Методология компьютерного моделирования процесса алмазного выглаживания

Приведены результаты компьютерного динамического моделирования процесса алмазного выглаживания методом конечных элементов в программном пакете Third Wave AdvantEdge. Установлено влияние модуля упругости обрабатываемого материала, радиуса выглаживателя, глубины и скорости выглаживания на величину напряжений в зоне обработки.The results of the computer simulation of the process of diamond smoothing by the finite element method in the software package Third Wave AdvantEdge are presented. The effect of the modulus of elasticity of the processed material, the radius of the smoother, the depth and the speed of smoothing on the value of stresses in the treatment zone is established

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

Tomographie et imagerie 3D en archéométrie

Depuisle début des années 2010, plusieurs structures (unités de recherche, laboratoires, universités, grands établissements, etc.) se sont dotées de moyens d’acquisition et de traitement de données de tomographie et d’imagerie 3D. Ces plateaux techniques, ateliers et plateformes fonctionnent de manière indépendante pour des applications respectives variées. Cependant, de nombreuses problématiques sont communes : aspect technique de l’acquisition, utilisation de logiciels de reconstruction et ..

Analyses non destructives par tomographie à rayons X

Les techniques d’imagerie par rayons X bénéficient des développements de la physique, des mathématiques et de l’informatique et proposent des outils d’analyse 3D des structures internes d’une grande variété d’objets. Cet article propose un état des lieux des différents instruments de tomographie par rayons X et discute des performances et limites de cette méthodologie.X-ray imaging techniques benefit from developments in physics, mathematics, and computer science, and provide analytical tools to study 3D internal structures of a wide range of objects. This article proposes an inventory of the different instruments of X-ray tomography and discusses the performances and limits

Tomographie par rayons X : correction des artefacts liés à la chaîne d'acquisition

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a standard nondestructive imaging technique related to the acquisition of three-dimensional data. This methodology interests a wide range of applications. An industrial CBCT system comprises an X-ray source and a flat-panel detector. Radiographic images are acquired during a rotation of the object of interest. A reconstruction algorithm leads to a volumic representation of the object and a post-processing routine assesses its validity. Accurate quantitative reconstruction is needed to perform an efficient diagsnotic. However, it is challenged by the presence of different artefacts coming from the acquisition itself. This thesis aims at analyzing and correcting those artefacts in a context of industrial micro-tomography. After an introduction to the physical and algorithmic background of CBCT, the artefacts are presented. Our study adresses two major artefacts: beam hardening and scatter radiations coming from the object and the detector. The second chapter reports on the state of the art in secondary radiation correction. A simulation model of the CBCT imaging chain is developed in a Monte Carlo environment. This model is designed to be realistic in order to get an accurate insight on the processes contributing to the final image formation. The third chapter focuses on the built and validation of the simulation tool. Monte Carlo methods are exact but prohibitively slow. Consequently, acceleration and optimization techniques are used to speed-up the calculations without loss of accuracy. A layer model of the flat-panel detector gives some insight on its secondary radiation behavior. More specifically, we demonstrate that a 2D description of the detector would be sufficient to compute its contribution. Our projection tool fits well with the real system. Finally, the last chapter describes our iterative correction method. The noisy initial reconstruction is segmented into different materials and densities and fed to the simulation framework. Beam hardening and secondary radiations are corrected via the volume reconstructed from the difference between acquired and simulated projections. This correction method is shown to be effective on both mono-material and poly-material objects.L'imagerie cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) est une méthodologie de contrôle non destructif permettant l'obtention d'images volumiques d'un objet. Le système d'acquisition se compose d'un tube à rayons X et d'un détecteur plan numérique. La recherche développée dans ce manuscrit se déroule dans le contexte industriel. L'objet est placé sur une platine de rotation et une séquence d'images 2D est acquise. Un algorithme de reconstruction procure des données volumiques de l'atténuation de l'objet. Ces informations permettent de réaliser une étude métrologique et de valider ou non la conformité de la pièce imagée. La qualité de l'image 3D est dégradée par différents artefacts inhérents à la plateforme d'acquisition. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre au point une méthode de correction adaptée à une plateforme de micro-tomographie par rayons X d'objets manufacturés poly-matériaux. Le premier chapitre décrit les bases de la physique et de l'algorithmie propres à la technique d'imagerie CBCT par rayons X ainsi que les différents artefacts nuisant à la qualité de l'image finale. Le travail présenté ici se concentre sur deux types d'artefacts en particulier: les rayonnements secondaires issus de l'objet et du détecteur et le durcissement de faisceau. Le second chapitre présente un état de l'art des méthodes visant à corriger le rayonnement secondaire. Afin de quantifier le rayonnement secondaire, un outil de simulation basé sur des techniques de Monte Carlo hybride est développé. Il permet de caractériser le système d'acquisition installé au laboratoire de façon réaliste. Le troisième chapitre détaille la mise en place et la validation de cet outil. Les calculs Monte Carlo étant particulièrement prohibitifs en terme de temps de calcul, des techniques d'optimisation et d'accélération sont décrites. Le comportement du détecteur est étudié avec attention et il s'avère qu'une représentation 2D suffit pour modéliser le rayonnement secondaire. Le modèle de simulation permet une reproduction fidèle des projections acquises avec le système réel. Enfin, le dernier chapitre présente la méthodologie de correction que nous proposons. Une première reconstruction bruitée de l'objet imagé est segmentée afin d'obtenir un modèle voxélisé en densités et en matériaux. L'environnement de simulation fournit alors les projections associées à ce volume. Le volume est corrigé de façon itérative. Des résultats de correction d'images tomographiques expérimentales sont présentés dans le cas d'un objet mono-matériaux et d'un objet poly-matériaux. Notre routine de correction réduit les artefacts de cupping et améliore la description du volume reconstruit

Artefacts correction in X-ray cone-beam computed tomography CBCT

L'imagerie cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) est une méthodologie de contrôle non destructif permettant l'obtention d'images volumiques d'un objet. Le système d'acquisition se compose d'un tube à rayons X et d'un détecteur plan numérique. La recherche développée dans ce manuscrit se déroule dans le contexte industriel. L'objet est placé sur une platine de rotation et une séquence d'images 2D est acquise. Un algorithme de reconstruction procure des données volumiques de l'atténuation de l'objet. Ces informations permettent de réaliser une étude métrologique et de valider ou non la conformité de la pièce imagée. La qualité de l'image 3D est dégradée par différents artefacts inhérents à la plateforme d'acquisition. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre au point une méthode de correction adaptée à une plateforme de micro-tomographie par rayons X d'objets manufacturés poly-matériaux. Le premier chapitre décrit les bases de la physique et de l'algorithmie propres à la technique d'imagerie CBCT par rayons X ainsi que les différents artefacts nuisant à la qualité de l'image finale. Le travail présenté ici se concentre sur deux types d'artefacts en particulier: les rayonnements secondaires issus de l'objet et du détecteur et le durcissement de faisceau. Le second chapitre présente un état de l'art des méthodes visant à corriger le rayonnement secondaire. Afin de quantifier le rayonnement secondaire, un outil de simulation basé sur des techniques de Monte Carlo hybride est développé. Il permet de caractériser le système d'acquisition installé au laboratoire de façon réaliste. Le troisième chapitre détaille la mise en place et la validation de cet outil. Les calculs Monte Carlo étant particulièrement prohibitifs en terme de temps de calcul, des techniques d'optimisation et d'accélération sont décrites. Le comportement du détecteur est étudié avec attention et il s'avère qu'une représentation 2D suffit pour modéliser le rayonnement secondaire. Le modèle de simulation permet une reproduction fidèle des projections acquises avec le système réel. Enfin, le dernier chapitre présente la méthodologie de correction que nous proposons. Une première reconstruction bruitée de l'objet imagé est segmentée afin d'obtenir un modèle voxélisé en densités et en matériaux. L'environnement de simulation fournit alors les projections associées à ce volume. Le volume est corrigé de façon itérative. Des résultats de correction d'images tomographiques expérimentales sont présentés dans le cas d'un objet mono-matériaux et d'un objet poly-matériaux. Notre routine de correction réduit les artefacts de cupping et améliore la description du volume reconstruit.Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a standard nondestructive imaging technique related to the acquisition of three-dimensional data. This methodology interests a wide range of applications. An industrial CBCT system comprises an X-ray source and a flat-panel detector. Radiographic images are acquired during a rotation of the object of interest. A reconstruction algorithm leads to a volumic representation of the object and a post-processing routine assesses its validity. Accurate quantitative reconstruction is needed to perform an efficient diagsnotic. However, it is challenged by the presence of different artefacts coming from the acquisition itself. This thesis aims at analyzing and correcting those artefacts in a context of industrial micro-tomography. After an introduction to the physical and algorithmic background of CBCT, the artefacts are presented. Our study adresses two major artefacts: beam hardening and scatter radiations coming from the object and the detector. The second chapter reports on the state of the art in secondary radiation correction. A simulation model of the CBCT imaging chain is developed in a Monte Carlo environment. This model is designed to be realistic in order to get an accurate insight on the processes contributing to the final image formation. The third chapter focuses on the built and validation of the simulation tool. Monte Carlo methods are exact but prohibitively slow. Consequently, acceleration and optimization techniques are used to speed-up the calculations without loss of accuracy. A layer model of the flat-panel detector gives some insight on its secondary radiation behavior. More specifically, we demonstrate that a 2D description of the detector would be sufficient to compute its contribution. Our projection tool fits well with the real system. Finally, the last chapter describes our iterative correction method. The noisy initial reconstruction is segmented into different materials and densities and fed to the simulation framework. Beam hardening and secondary radiations are corrected via the volume reconstructed from the difference between acquired and simulated projections. This correction method is shown to be effective on both mono-material and poly-material objects

A new molar from the Middle Pleistocene hominid assemblage of Yanhuidong, Tongzi, South China

International audienceCitation: Dambricourt Malassé A, Zhang P, Wils P. A new molar in the Middle Pleistocene hominid assemblage of Yanhuidong, Abstract：The last excavation of the small Yanhuidong gallery, Tongzi district, Guizhou Province, South China, was conducted by the Guizhou Provincial Museum in 1988. Fossiliferous layer IV of the endokarstic fill provided again more than 2,000 teeth with a new hominin upper molar referenced as TZ-1 in 2014. This secondary deposit has been dated 240 ka by Uranium Series in 1991. The description of the molar was completed by an analysis of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) and the topography of the pulp cavity using high-resolution µCT (v|tome|x L240-180) of the AST-RX platform, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France. The crown is characterized by a small hypocone without disto-lingual development, a trapezoidal shape of the occlusal contour, the bucco-lingual length slightly greater than the mesio-distal one, a large lingual cingulum on the protocone, and the cusps decrease in the order protocone, metacone, paracone and hypocone. The shape of the horns and of the bud horns from the pulp cavity are correlated with the morphology of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) and the outer enamel surface (OES). The tooth is a second primary molar (dm 2) assigned to a mid-Middle Pleistocene lineage of H. erectus living only in China (north-south axis Shanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guandong and Guizhou provinces). The morphology that predicts M 1 , does not match the two M 1 collected in 1983 in the same layer. PA 875 is close to the oldest pattern Jianshi PA 1279 also found at Zhoukoudian (Hebei and Hubei provinces). The germ PA 874 with its protruding hypocone and a rhomboidal shape is similar to the Javanese pattern Sangiran NG 91-G10; these are derived features shared in a certain way with H. neanderthalensis, but the crown keeps the Asian cingulum and is classified as Homo incertae sedis. These three morphological patterns are not necessary contemporaneous but they lift a veil on human settlements in South China before the redeposited faunal assemblage