Studi Persepsi Representasi Budaya Indonesia dalam Video "Wonderland Indonesia" Karya Alffy Rev

Video adalah sebuah bentuk media komunikasi visual yang banyak digunakan di abad 21. Diantara video yang beredar di platform video YouTube Indonesia, terdapat sebuah video yang berhasil mencapai trending nomor 1 dalam waktu tiga hari setelah publikasinya di tanggal 17 Agustus 2021. Video berjudul “Wonderland Indonesia” merupakan sebuah video yang penuh dengan unsur elemen visual dari budaya Indonesia. Dengan video tersebut sebagai objek kajian, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari tahu bagaimana presentasi elemen dalam video mampu mempengaruhi persepsi penonton terhadap identitas dan representasi budaya Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-eksplanatif yang didukung oleh teori sinematografi, teori persepsi, dan model representasi “Circuit of Culture” oleh Stuart Hall. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik sinematografi yang digunakan untuk mengolah budaya Indonesia menjadi elemen visual dalam video berdampak pada identitas dan representasi yang dihasilkan. Perbedaan pada penggunaan teknik sinematografi dan adaptasi budaya pada video menghasilkan representasi identitas Indonesia dari segi budaya, ideologi, dan kepercayaan spiritual pada sekuens awal, tengah, dan akhir video. Hasil studi ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai proses pengolahan budaya yang efektif untuk merepresentasikan budaya Indonesia dalam media video

EAE mediated by a non-IFN-Γ/non-IL-17 pathway

Previous studies have shown that EAE can be elicited by the adoptive transfer of either IFN-Γ-producing (Th1) or IL-17-producing (Th17) myelin-specific CD4 + T-cell lines. Paradoxically, mice deficient in either IFN-Γ or IL-17 remain susceptible to EAE following immunization with myelin antigens in CFA. These observations raise questions about the redundancy of IFN-Γ and IL-17 in autoimmune demyelinating disease mediated by a diverse, polyclonal population of autoreactive T cells. In this study, we show that an atypical form of EAE, induced in C57BL/6 mice by the adoptive transfer of IFN-Γ-deficient effector T cells, required IL-17 signaling for the development of brainstem infiltrates. In contrast, classical EAE, characterized by predominant spinal cord inflammation, occurred in the combined absence of IFN-Γ and IL-17 signaling, but was dependent on GM-CSF and CXCR2. Our findings contribute to a growing body of data, indicating that individual cytokines vary in their importance across different models of CNS autoimmunity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77956/1/2340_ftp.pd

Th17 lymphocytes traffic to the central nervous system independently of α4 integrin expression during EAE

Th1 lymphocytes preferentially infiltrate into the spinal cord during EAE via a VLA-4–mediated mechanism while Th17 lymphocyte infiltration is dependent on LFA-1 expression

Oestrogen receptor β ligand: a novel treatment to enhance endogenous functional remyelination

Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system. Therapeutic strategies that induce effective neuroprotection and enhance intrinsic repair mechanisms are central goals for future therapy of multiple sclerosis. Oestrogens and oestrogen receptor ligands are promising treatments to prevent multiple sclerosis-induced neurodegeneration. In the present study we investigated the capacity of oestrogen receptor β ligand treatment to affect callosal axon demyelination and stimulate endogenous myelination in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using electrophysiology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and tract-tracing methods. Oestrogen receptor β ligand treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice prevented both histopathological and functional abnormalities of callosal axons despite the presence of inflammation. Specifically, there were fewer demyelinated, damaged axons and more myelinated axons with intact nodes of Ranvier in oestrogen receptor β ligand-treated mice. In addition, oestrogen receptor β ligand treatment caused an increase in mature oligodendrocyte numbers, a significant increase in myelin sheath thickness and axon transport. Functional analysis of callosal axon conduction showed a significant improvement in compound action potential amplitudes, latency and in axon refractoriness. These findings show a direct neuroprotective effect of oestrogen receptor β ligand treatment on oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelination and axon conduction during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The Extracellular Domain of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Elicits Atypical Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Rat and Species

Atypical models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are advantageous in that the heterogeneity of clinical signs appears more reflective of those in multiple sclerosis (MS). Conversely, models of classical EAE feature stereotypic progression of an ascending flaccid paralysis that is not a characteristic of MS. The study of atypical EAE however has been limited due to the relative lack of suitable models that feature reliable disease incidence and severity, excepting mice deficient in gamma-interferon signaling pathways. In this study, atypical EAE was induced in Lewis rats, and a related approach was effective for induction of an unusual neurologic syndrome in a cynomolgus macaque. Lewis rats were immunized with the rat immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-related extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (IgV-MOG) in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) followed by one or more injections of rat IgV-MOG in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA). The resulting disease was marked by torticollis, unilateral rigid paralysis, forelimb weakness, and high titers of anti-MOG antibody against conformational epitopes of MOG, as well as other signs of atypical EAE. A similar strategy elicited a distinct atypical form of EAE in a cynomolgus macaque. By day 36 in the monkey, titers of IgG against conformational epitopes of extracellular MOG were evident, and on day 201, the macaque had an abrupt onset of an unusual form of EAE that included a pronounced arousal-dependent, transient myotonia. The disease persisted for 6–7 weeks and was marked by a gradual, consistent improvement and an eventual full recovery without recurrence. These data indicate that one or more boosters of IgV-MOG in IFA represent a key variable for induction of atypical or unusual forms of EAE in rat and Macaca species. These studies also reveal a close correlation between humoral immunity against conformational epitopes of MOG, extended confluent demyelinating plaques in spinal cord and brainstem, and atypical disease induction

Burscheid

Gorißen S. Burscheid. In: Groten M, Johanek P, Reininghaus W, Wensky M, eds. Handbuch der Historischen Stätten. Vol 3: Nordrhein-Westfalen. 3. völlig neu bearb. Aufl. Stuttgart: Kröner; 2006