Doses and critical phosphorus level for yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) clones

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, the optimal dose of phosphorus in the cultivation of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) clones has yet to be defined. This study verified the productivity of yerba mate clones in response to the application of P doses and determined the critical level of the nutrient in soil and yerba mate leaves. The experiment was developed in Itaiópolis-SC, in humic cambisol, from 2013 to 2020. Five doses of the nutrient were evaluated in two clones (BRS-BLD Aupaba and F2) of yerba mate. Fertility was defined by planting/post-planting (0, 2.3; 4.5; 6.8, and 9.0 g plant-1), canopy formation 1 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g plant-1), canopy formation 2 (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g plant-1), and production (0, 16.7; 33.3; 50.0; 66.7 kg ha-1). Harvests took place between July 2015 and January 2020, at 18-month intervals. The productivity of leaves, fine branches, and thick branches was evaluated. In the 2020 harvest, soil and leaf samples were collected to determine the critical level of P. The productivity of clone components increased with phosphate fertilization in all evaluated harvests. The critical levels of P for clones, Aupaba and F2, were 5.2 and 6.3 mg dm-3 in soil and 1.03 and 1.11 g kg-1 in leaves, respectively. Yerba mate is demanding of P, expressing maximum productivity in the planting phase, canopy formation 1 and 2, and production when doses of 5, 25, 40 g plant-1, and 35 kg ha-1 of P2O5 are applied, respectively

Interictal Functional Connectivity of Human Epileptic Networks Assessed by Intracerebral EEG and BOLD Signal Fluctuations

In this study, we aimed to demonstrate whether spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal derived from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reflect spontaneous neuronal activity in pathological brain regions as well as in regions spared by epileptiform discharges. This is a crucial issue as coherent fluctuations of fMRI signals between remote brain areas are now widely used to define functional connectivity in physiology and in pathophysiology. We quantified functional connectivity using non-linear measures of cross-correlation between signals obtained from intracerebral EEG (iEEG) and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) in 5 patients suffering from intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Functional connectivity was quantified with both modalities in areas exhibiting different electrophysiological states (epileptic and non affected regions) during the interictal period. Functional connectivity as measured from the iEEG signal was higher in regions affected by electrical epileptiform abnormalities relative to non-affected areas, whereas an opposite pattern was found for functional connectivity measured from the BOLD signal. Significant negative correlations were found between the functional connectivities of iEEG and BOLD signal when considering all pairs of signals (theta, alpha, beta and broadband) and when considering pairs of signals in regions spared by epileptiform discharges (in broadband signal). This suggests differential effects of epileptic phenomena on electrophysiological and hemodynamic signals and/or an alteration of the neurovascular coupling secondary to pathological plasticity in TLE even in regions spared by epileptiform discharges. In addition, indices of directionality calculated from both modalities were consistent showing that the epileptogenic regions exert a significant influence onto the non epileptic areas during the interictal period. This study shows that functional connectivity measured by iEEG and BOLD signals give complementary but sometimes inconsistent information in TLE

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Influence of black-oats chemical management periods on the incidence of weeds and productive performance of maize

A semeadura do milho em sucessão ao cultivo da aveia-preta é uma prática amplamente adotada no Sul do Brasil, especialmente em sistema de agricultura conservacionista. A época de manejo da aveia-preta em relação à semeadura do milho é um fator determinante, pois dela depende o tempo de permanência dos resíduos de aveia sobre o solo, podendo ainda interferir na produtividade da cultura sucessora. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da época de manejo químico da aveia-preta sobre os componentes da produção e a produtividade da cultura do milho. O experimento foi desenvolvido na unidade experimental da PUCPR – Campus Toledo, nos anos agrícolas 2008/2009 e 2009/2010, sob delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (semeadura do milho em 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após o manejo químico da aveia-preta) com quatro repetições. Para cada um dos tratamentos, aveia-preta foi semeada semanalmente, sendo posteriormente manejada no estádio de florescimento por meio químico com 48 g L-1 i. a. de glifosate, na dosagem de 2,0 L ha-1 do produto comercial, utilizando-se um volume de calda de 150 L ha-1, sendo as plantas deixadas intactas no momento da semeadura do milho. As variáveis avaliadas foram produtividade de massa seca da aveia-preta, incidência de plantas daninhas, percentual de plantas de milho emergidas, altura de inserção de espiga, diâmetro basal do colmo, comprimento e diâmetro de espiga, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade. A incidência de plantas daninhas decresceu progressivamente com a diminuição do tempo entre o manejo da aveia-preta e a semeadura do milho em ambos os anos agrícolas. A época de manejo da aveia-preta não influenciou a maioria dos componentes da produção do milho, e consequentemente a produtividade de grãos.Maize sowing in succession to the cultivation of black oat is a practice widely adopted in southern Brazil, especially in no-tillage system. The time management of oats in relation to the sowing of corn is a determining factor, because it depends on the residence time of oat straw on the ground and may even interfere with the productivity of successor culture. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the influence of time of chemical management of black oat on yield components of maize. The experiment was conducted at the experimental unit PUCPR – Campus Toledo, in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 agricultural years. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments (maize sowing at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after chemical management of black oat) with four replications. For each treatment, black-oats was sown weekly, and later in the flowering stage managed chemically with 48 g L-1 a.i. of glyphosate at a dosage of 2.0 L ha-1 of the commercial product, using a spray volume of 150 L ha-1, the plants were left intact at the maize sowing period. The variables evaluated were black oat dry matter production, weed incidence, percentage of emerged plants, height of ear insertion, stem diameter, ear length and diameter, number of rows of kernels per ear, weight of 1000 and grain yield. The incidence of weeds decreased gradually decreasing the time between the management of black oat and maize sowing in both agriculture years. The time management of black oat did not affect most yield components of maize, especially productivity