Synthesis and catalysis of chemically reduced metal–metalloid amorphous alloys

This is the published version. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of ChemistryAmorphous alloys structurally deviate from crystalline materials in that they possess unique short-range ordered and long-range disordered atomic arrangement. They are important catalytic materials due to their unique chemical and structural properties including broadly adjustable composition, structural homogeneity, and high concentration of coordinatively unsaturated sites. As chemically reduced metal–metalloid amorphous alloys exhibit excellent catalytic performance in applications such as efficient chemical production, energy conversion, and environmental remediation, there is an intense surge in interest in using them as catalytic materials. This critical review summarizes the progress in the study of the metal–metalloid amorphous alloy catalysts, mainly in recent decades, with special focus on their synthetic strategies and catalytic applications in petrochemical, fine chemical, energy, and environmental relevant reactions. The review is intended to be a valuable resource to researchers interested in these exciting catalytic materials. We concluded the review with some perspectives on the challenges and opportunities about the future developments of metal–metalloid amorphous alloy catalysts

Burden of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality Related to Tobacco Smoking among Adults Aged ≥45 Years in Asia: A Pooled Analysis of 21 Cohorts

Background:Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for many diseases. We sought to quantify the burden of tobacco-smoking-related deaths in Asia, in parts of which men's smoking prevalence is among the world's highest.Methods and Findings:We performed pooled analyses of data from 1,049,929 participants in 21 cohorts in Asia to quantify the risks of total and cause-specific mortality associated with tobacco smoking using adjusted hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. We then estimated smoking-related deaths among adults aged ≥45 y in 2004 in Bangladesh, India, mainland China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan-accounting for ∼71% of Asia's total population. An approximately 1.44-fold (95% CI = 1.37-1.51) and 1.48-fold (1.38-1.58) elevated risk of death from any cause was found in male and female ever-smokers, respectively. In 2004, active tobacco smoking accounted for approximately 15.8% (95% CI = 14.3%-17.2%) and 3.3% (2.6%-4.0%) of deaths, respectively, in men and women aged ≥45 y in the seven countries/regions combined, with a total number of estimated deaths of ∼1,575,500 (95% CI = 1,398,000-1,744,700). Among men, approximately 11.4%, 30.5%, and 19.8% of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases, respectively, were attributable to tobacco smoking. Corresponding proportions for East Asian women were 3.7%, 4.6%, and 1.7%, respectively. The strongest association with tobacco smoking was found for lung cancer: A 3- to 4-fold elevated risk, accounting for 60.5% and 16.7% of lung cancer deaths, respectively, in Asian men and East Asian women aged ≥45 y.Conclusions:Tobacco smoking is associated with a substantially elevated risk of mortality, accounting for approximately 2 million deaths in adults aged ≥45 y throughout Asia in 2004. It is likely that smoking-related deaths in Asia will continue to rise over the next few decades if no effective smoking control programs are implemented.Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2014 Zheng et al

S-S Bond-activation of diorganyl disulfide by anionic [Mn(CO)5]-: crystal structures of [MnII(-SC5H4NO-)3]- and [(CO)3Mn(μ-SR)3Co(μ-SR)3Mn(CO)3]- (R = C6H4NHCOPh)

[[abstract]]The S-S bond-activation of diorganyl disulfide by the anionic metal carbonyl fragment [Mn(CO)5]− gives rise to an extensive chemistry. Oxidative decarbonylation addition of 2,2′-dithiobis(pyridine-N-oxide) to [Mn(CO)5]−, followed by chelation and metal-center oxidation, led to the formation of [MnII(-SC5H4NO-)3]− (1). The effective magnetic moment in solid state by SQUID magnetometer was 5.88 μB for complex 1, which is consistent with the MnII having a high-spin d5 electronic configuration in an octahedral ligand field. The average Mn(II)-S, S-C and N-O bond lengths of 2.581(1), 1.692(4) and 1.326(4) Å, respectively, indicate that the negative charge of the bidentate 1-oxo-2-thiopyridinato [SC5H4NO]− ligand in complex 1 is mainly localized on the oxygen atom. The results are consistent with thiolate-donor [-SC5H4NO]− stabilization of the lower oxidation state of manganese (Mn(I)), while the O,S-chelating [-SC5H4NO-]− ligand enhances the stability of manganese in the higher oxidation state (Mn(II)). Activation of S-S bond as well as O-H bond of 2,2′-dithiosalicylic acid by [Mn(CO)5]− yielded [(CO)3Mn(μ-SC6H4-C(O)-O-)2Mn(CO)3]2− (4). Oxidative addition of bis(o-benzamidophenyl) disulfide to [Mn(CO)5]− resulted in the formation of cis-[Mn(CO)4(SR)2]− (R=C6H4NHCOPh) which was employed as a chelating metallo ligand to synthesize heterotrinuclear [(CO)3Mn(μ-SR)3Co(μ-SR)3Mn(CO)3]− (8) possessing a homoleptic hexathiolatocobalt(III) core.[[journaltype]]國外[[ispeerreviewed]]Y[[booktype]]紙本[[countrycodes]]NL