Основные вехи деятельности Народного управления религиозными делами мусульман Крыма

В статье рассматривается история создания системы народного управления в Крымской АССР, анализируется деятельность мусульманских съездов и уточняется политика советской власти по отношению к мусульманам в рассматриваемый исторический период

A quantitative assessment of the amount of prion diverted to category 1 materials and wastewater during processing

In this article the development and parameterization of a quantitative assessment is described that estimates the amount of TSE infectivity that is present in a whole animal carcass (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE] for cattle and classical/atypical scrapie for sheep and lambs) and the amounts that subsequently fall to the floor during processing at facilities that handle specified risk material (SRM). BSE in cattle was found to contain the most oral doses, with a mean of 9864 BO ID50s (310, 38840) in a whole carcass compared to a mean of 1851 OO ID50s (600, 4070) and 614 OO ID50s (155, 1509) for a sheep infected with classical and atypical scrapie, respectively. Lambs contained the least infectivity with a mean of 251 OO ID50s (83, 548) for classical scrapie and 1 OO ID50s (0.2, 2) for atypical scrapie. The highest amounts of infectivity falling to the floor and entering the drains from slaughtering a whole carcass at SRM facilities were found to be from cattle infected with BSE at rendering and large incineration facilities with 7.4 BO ID50s (0.1, 29), intermediate plants and small incinerators with a mean of 4.5 BO ID50s (0.1, 18), and collection centers, 3.6 BO ID50s (0.1, 14). The lowest amounts entering drains are from lambs infected with classical and atypical scrapie at intermediate plants and atypical scrapie at collection centers with a mean of 3 × 10−7 OO ID50s (2 × 10−8, 1 × 10−6) per carcass. The results of this model provide key inputs for the model in the companion paper published here

The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour, welfare and carcass lesions

peer-reviewedData set for article is also provided.Research is needed to validate lesions recorded at meat inspection as indicators of pig welfare on farm. The aims were to determine the influence of mixing pigs on carcass lesions and to establish whether such lesions correlate with pig behaviour and lesions scored on farm. Aggressive and mounting behaviour of pigs in three single sex pens was recorded on Day −5, −2, and −1 relative to slaughter (Day 0). On Day 0 pigs were randomly allocated to 3 treatments (n = 20/group) over 5 replicates: males mixed with females (MF), males mixed with males (MM), and males unmixed (MUM). Aggressive and mounting behaviours were recorded on Day 0 at holding on farm and lairage. Skin/tail lesions were scored according to severity at the farm (Day −1), lairage, and on the carcass (Day 0). Effect of treatment and time on behaviour and lesions were analysed by mixed models. Spearman rank correlations between behaviour and lesion scores and between scores recorded at different stages were determined. In general, MM performed more aggressive behaviour (50.4 ± 10.72) than MUM (20.3 ± 9.55, P < 0.05) and more mounting (30.9 ± 9.99) than MF (11.4 ± 3.76) and MUM (9.8 ± 3.74, P < 0.05). Skin lesion scores increased between farm (Day −1) and lairage (P < 0.001), but this tended to be significant only for MF and MM (P = 0.08). There was no effect of treatment on carcass lesions and no associations were found with fighting/mounting. Mixing entire males prior to slaughter stimulated mounting and aggressive behaviour but did not influence carcass lesion scores. Carcass skin/tail lesions scores were correlated with scores recorded on farm (rskin = 0.21 and rtail = 0.18, P < 0.01) suggesting that information recorded at meat inspection could be used as indicators of pig welfare on farm.This study was part of the PIGWELFIND project funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Ireland

A transport and lairage model for Salmonella transmission between pigs, applicable to EU member states

A model for the transmission of Salmonella between finisher pigs during transport to the abattoir and subsequent lairage has been developed, including novel factors such as environmental contamination and the effect of stress and is designed to be adaptable for any EU Member State (MS). The model forms part of a generic farm-to-consumption model for Salmonella in pigs, designed to model potentially important risk factors and assess the effectiveness of interventions. In this paper we discuss the parameterisation of the model for two case-study MSs. For both MSs, the model predicted an increase in the average MS level prevalence of Salmonella positive pigs during both transport and lairage, accounting for a large amount of the variation between reported on farm prevalence and reported lymph-node prevalence at the slaughterhouse. Sensitivity analysis suggested that stress is the most important factor during transport, while a number of factors including environmental contamination and the dose-response parameters are important during lairage. There was wide variation in the model predicted change in prevalence in individual batches; while the majority of batches (80-90%) had no increase, in some batches the increase in prevalence was over 70% and in some cases infection was introduced into previously uninfected batches of pigs. Thus, the model suggests that while the transport and lairage stages of the farm-to-consumption exposure pathway are unlikely to be responsible for a large increase in average prevalence at the MS level, they can have a large effect on prevalence at an individual batch level

Effect of season and stocking density during transport on carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs

Many factors related to transport to abattoir affects meat quality, but scarce information is available in suckling lambs. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of season and stocking density on carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs during commercial transport to the abattoir. A factorial design (2 × 3) was used: two seasons (winter and summer) and three stocking densities (SD; 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 m2 animal-1). Meat quality variables were measured in the M. longissimus at 24 h post-mortem and after 5 days of refrigerated storage. Lambs transported in summer showed lower liver weight (p&lt;0.001), h* (p&lt;0.05), deoxymyoglobin content (p&lt;0.001), pressed juice (p&lt;0.01), shear force (p&lt;0.001) and firmness (p&lt;0.001), and higher initial pH (p&lt;0.001), L*, b*, C* (p&lt;0.001) and a* (p&lt;0.01), as well as metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin content (p&lt;0.001), than those transported in winter. The effect of season was dependent on storage time, being colour changes more evident at 24 h than after 5 days of storage, whereas lipid oxidation was only observed in stored meat, which may be explain because the natural antioxidative system decreases with time after slaughter. Scarce effect of SD was found on the carcass and meat quality parameters, thus under our experimental conditions the three SD studied appear to be suitable for suckling lambs transport. However, both carcass and meat quality were within the normal commercial range

Effect of long-term betaine supplementation on chemical and physical characteristics of three muscles from the Alentejano pig

BACKGROUND: The use of betaine as a dietary supplement to reduce fat deposition and increase lean muscle mass in pigs is increasing. However, there is no available information on its effect on the physical and chemical (i.e. fatty acid (FA) profile) characteristics of pork. RESULTS: The effects of long-term betaine intake (1 g betaine kg−1 diet for 20 weeks) on the chemical and physical characteristics of Musculus Longissimus dorsi, M. biceps femoris and M. semimembranosus from the Alentejano pig were investigated. The contents of total protein, intramuscular lipids (neutral and polar), myoglobin and total collagen as well as the water-holding capacity, physical colour characteristics and FA profile of the three muscles were determined. With the exception of a significant increase in the intramuscular lipid content of M. longissimus dorsi and M. biceps femoris, betaine supplementation did not influence muscle chemical and colour characteristics or body fat deposition. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that long-term betaine supplementation selectively increases intramuscular lipid deposition (a trait related to meat quality) while not affecting other chemical (including the atheroprotective FA profile) and physical characteristics of the Alentejano pig muscles studied

Transport-induced mortality in Pekin ducks transported for slaughter in the Czech Republic

Data on the numbers of Pekin ducks transported to slaughterhouses between 2009 and 2014 and the numbers of ducks that died during these transports were recorded in cooperation with the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic. In the monitored period, a total of 12,327,017 ducks were transported, of which 9,545 (0.077%) died. The levels of transport-related mortality over these years varied significantly (P &lt; 0.001); the lowest mortality was observed in 2011 (0.059%) and the highest in 2013 (0.089%). The impact of distance on transport-related mortality in ducks was demonstrated. The lowest transport-related mortality (0.052%) was found for distances shorter than 50 km. It was significantly (P &lt; 0.001) lower than the mortality rates connected with longer journeys. The greatest mortality rates were found for transport distances of 101–200 km (0.105%). In addition, the season of the year significantly affected transport-related mortality in Pekin ducks. The highest death losses were found in the summer (0.090%). Death losses of ducks connected with summer transports were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) in comparison with transport-related mortality rates in any other season of the year. The lowest death losses were found in duck transports carried out in the autumn and winter (0.069% and 0.072%, respectively) with no significant difference between those two seasons. Shortening transport distances and maintaining a suitable micro-climate inside transport vehicles especially in the summer are thus two important factors that can contribute to reducing transport-related mortality in Pekin ducks in commercial practice

Progress and challenges in animal handling and slaughter in the U.S.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 12-14).Both well-designed equipment and trained employees are required to maintain a high standard of animal welfare during slaughter. When McDonald's Corporation started auditing U.S. beef and pork slaughter plants in 1999, there were great improvements in handling and stunning. They used a numerical objective scoring system. It contained five basic measurements: (1) the percentage of animals stunned on the first attempt, (2) percentage rendered insensible prior to hoisting, (3) percentage vocalizing during handling and stunning, (4) percentage that fall down and (5) percentage moved with an electric goad. Each variable was scored on a simple yes/no basis. Baseline data was collected prior to the McDonald's audits in 1996. The most striking improvements were in beef. The average effective first shot stunning score was 89.5% in 1996, 96.2% in 1999 and 98.6% 5 years later in 2003. The average percentage of cattle vocalizing during stunning and handling was 8% in 1996, 2.4% in 1999 and 2.0% in 2003. A total of 50 plants were audited. Most plants were able to greatly improve welfare by improving stunner maintenance; installing non-slip floor gratings in stun boxes and better training. They also had to make simple, low cost changes to eliminate distractions that cause animals to balk and refuse to move. The most common ways to improve animal movement were: (1) install a lamp on a dark race entrance, (2) move ceiling lamps to eliminate sparkling reflections, (3) muffle air hissing, (4) install shields and solid sides on races to prevent animals from seeing moving people up ahead and (5) eliminate air drafts that blow in the faces of approaching animals. A major remaining problem area is in plants that are not in a program of yearly audits by restaurants. Serious animal abuse has occurred in some of these non-audited plants

Densidades de carga utilizadas para el transporte de bovinos destinados a matadero en Chile

The stocking densities employed in the transport of 413 loads of cattle were surveyed, comprising a total of 12,931 animals, sent to slaughter at two plants in Chile, one in the Xth Region and the other in the Metropolitan Region, in 2002. For journeys to the plant in the Xth Region, the recorded stocking densities ranged from 106 to 693 kg/m2&nbsp;(mean 457 ± 6,6 kg/m2). In the Metropolitan Region they ranged from 268 to 632 kg/m2&nbsp;(mean 453 ± 9,7 kg/m2). In both regions there was a tendency for the stocking densities on the larger vehicles to be higher; the majority of loads were carried in the largest type of vehicle (simple large vehicle and large vehicle with trailer). There was no indication that stocking densities in longer journeys were different from those in shorter journeys in the loads sent to the slaughter plant in the Metropolitan Region. However, there was some suggestion that for cattle transported to the plant in the Xth Region, and which travelled the longest, the stocking densities used were slightly higher. Overall, 32.4 % of the 413 loads surveyed, comprising 35.6 % of the cattle transported, were carried at estimated stocking densities higher than that permitted by the current legislation (500 kg/m2). It is likely that cattle transported at very high densities, and particularly above 500 kg/m2, will suffer more stress and produce poorer quality carcasses with greater amounts of bruising. In Chile, carcasses with bruises that affect muscle tissue are downgraded and the bruised tissue must be trimmed and this reduces their economic value. There might, therefore, be benefits for both animal welfare and meat quality from a more stringent adherence to maximum permitted stocking densities to transport cattle.Se determinaron las densidades de carga empleadas en el transporte de 413 cargas (camionadas) de bovinos, que comprendieron un total de 12.931 animales, recibidos en dos plantas faenadoras en Chile durante el año 2002, una en la X Región y la otra en la Región Metropolitana. Para las cargas recibidas en la planta de la X Región, las densidades de carga registradas fluctuaron entre 106 y 693 kg/m2&nbsp;(promedio 457 ± 6,6 kg/m2) y en la Región Metropolitana fluctuaron entre 268 y 632 kg/m2&nbsp;(promedio 453 ± 9,7 kg/m2). En ambas regiones se observó una tendencia a que las densidades de carga usadas en los vehículos de mayor tamaño (camiones simples y con carro) fueran mayores; la mayoría de las cargas animales eran transportadas en este tipo de vehículo. Las densidades de carga encontradas para los viajes más largos no difirieron de aquellas usadas para los viajes cortos en el caso de la Región Metropolitana; sin embargo, en el caso de las cargas recibidas en la X Región se observó que en general los animales transportados por distancias más largas viajaron a densidades de carga mayores. En general, 32,4% de las 413 cargas revisadas, que correspondieron a 35,6% de todos los bovinos, sobrepasaron el límite de densidad de carga permitido por la legislación vigente (500 kg/m2). Considerando que la literatura indica que el ganado bovino transportado a muy altas densidades, particularmente sobre 500 kg/m2, sufre mayor estrés y produce inferior calidad de carne, especialmente en términos de mayor incidencia de contusiones, y que, además, en Chile las canales con contusiones que afectan el tejido muscular sufren una degradación en cuanto a la categoría de tipificación, reduciendo su valor económico, se recomienda, tanto desde el punto de vista de bienestar animal como de calidad de carne, al menos respetar el límite máximo de densidad de carga establecido para el transporte de ganado bovino en Chile