Estuary-enhanced upwelling of marine nutrients fuels coastal productivity in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

© 2014. American Geophysical Union. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) shelf is the most biologically productive region in the California Current System. A coupled physical-biogeochemical model is used to investigate the influence of freshwater inputs on the productivity of PNW shelf waters using realistic hindcasts and model experiments that omit outflow from the Columbia River and Strait of Juan de Fuca (outlet for the Salish Sea estuary). Outflow from the Strait represents a critical source of nitrogen to the PNW shelf-accounting for almost half of the primary productivity on the Vancouver Island shelf, a third of productivity on the Washington shelf, and a fifth of productivity on the Oregon shelf during the upwelling season. The Columbia River has regional effects on the redistribution of phytoplankton, but does not affect PNW productivity as strongly as does the Salish Sea. A regional nutrient budget shows that nitrogen exiting the Strait is almost entirely (98%) of ocean-origin-upwelled into the Strait at depth, mixed into surface waters by tidal mixing, and returned to the coastal ocean. From the standpoint of nitrogen availability in the coastal euphotic zone, the estuarine circulation driven by freshwater inputs to the Salish Sea is more important than the supply of terrigenous nitrogen by rivers. Nitrogen-rich surface waters exiting the Strait follow two primary pathways-to the northwest in the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and southward toward the Washington and Oregon shelves. Nitrogen flux from the Juan de Fuca Strait and Eddy Region to these shelves is comparable to flux from local wind-driven upwelling

カナダ・ブリティッシュコロンビア州のローワーメインランド地域におけるサークル・ファーム・ツアーの意義 (特集 カナダ・ブリティッシュコロンビア州における農村空間の商品化)

この報告では，魅力的な自然景観が展開し，多様な農業が営まれ，都市住民のレクリエーションや農村居住をはじめとして様々な形の農村空間の商品化が進んでいるカナダのブリティッシュコロンビア州のうち，人口集中地域に近接しているローワーメインランド地域を取り上げ，農村空間の商品化がどのような特徴をもっているかを明らかにする。この地域では，ホビー農業や農産物直売所，農場ツアー，摘み取り，ワインツーリズム，乗馬，農村居住など多様な商品化がみられた。特に様々な農村観光資源を結びつけ，地図化し，それぞれの訪問者に自分でそれらを訪れさせようとするサークル・ファーム・ツアーの試みは独特なものであった。その特徴は，自然，景観，歴史，家族志向，手作り商品のほかに，家族経営，地元，新鮮・高品質，エコロジー，地域社会との連携といったキーワードによって示されている。Presently in developed countries, such as Japan, the most important function of rural areas is still food production; however, since the 1990s there has been a sharp increase in using and consuming rural resources in different ways. Such a phenomenon can be regarded as the "commodification of rural spaces". Since present rural spaces are strongly influenced by commodification, it is important to clarify in what way the commodification of rural spaces has been promoted, and how rural commodification characterizes rural spaces, in order to understand characteristics of present rural areas in economically advanced countries. We have studied the characteristics of the commodification of rural spaces in Japan over the past ten years. By expanding this research theme to British Columbia, Canada, our geographical perspectives on present rural areas will widen and develop. This study examines the characteristics of commodified rural spaces in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The Lower Mainland is a vernacular region but for the purpose of this study is defined as the plain that extends along the lower Fraser River, from downtown Vancouver to 120km east of the city. This is a highly productive agricultural area in which approximately 60 percent of the population of British Columbia is concentrated. There are diversified rural commodities in the Lower Mainland. Heritage tourism, wine tourism, pick-your-own farms, tourist farms are common. It is also popular for urban residents to live in the countryside, which has led to the development of scattered estate homes. Some people have hobby farms on which they raise horses and enjoy horseback riding on Sunday mornings. A unique example of agri-tourism in the Lower Mainland is the Circle Farm Tour, which is a self-guided tour, allowing visitors to explore the rural attractions in the Lower Fraser Valley at their own pace (Hayden, 2015). This was started by the District of Kent for Agassiz/Harrison Mills in 2003 and was later followed by Abbotsford, Chilliwack, Langley and Maple Ridge/Pitt Meadows. In this paper we mainly focus on the Circle Farm Tour in Abbotsford. The program\u27s "roadmap" presents a wide range of high-quality rural attractions, including farm produce markets and shops, tourist farms, pick-your-own farms, wineries, restaurants, garden centres, and other facilities. Based on our interviews with agri-tourism operations and an analysis of their websites, we can find important themes for rural tourist attractions, such as the beautiful landscape, favourable natural environments, family-oriented places, fresh and high quality rural products, family farms and their histories, local products, ecological practices, and a strong connection with local communities. In this region residents from greater Vancouver, Victoria and other nearby cities visit on weekends to enjoy and consume rurality. The commodification of rural spaces in British Columbia, especially those in the Lower Mainland, is much more advanced and diversified than that of Japan, and plays an important role in sustaining rural economies and societies

バンクーバー島カウチンバレー地区における農村観光の構造

本研究は，カナダ・ブリティッシュコロンビア州バンクーバー島のカウチンバレー地区を対象として，その農業生産と観光資源の構成と結びつきの分析を通じて，地域資源を活かした農村観光の構造を明らかにした。対象地域を含むバンクーバー島は，州都のビクトリアを除けば島全体の人口が希薄で，経済的な活動としては伝統的な林業や農業に依拠するやや停滞した農村であった。しかし，カナダの中では比較的温暖な気候条件に加えて，農村の価値が見直されるようになると，先駆的な農業の取り組みへの参入者が増加するようになった。これらの新しい農業として，本研究では地元産の農産物を使用した農家レストラン，水牛を導入したアグリツーリズムの事例を分析し，農業と地域コミュニティ，観光とが結びついている構造を明らかにした。こうした結合関係はファーマーズ・マーケットやスローシティというこの地域の特徴を示す取り組みとして表出し，これらは地域の伝統文化と結びついて当地を農村空間の商品化へと導いている。これらの農業と観光の要素は，生産者や住民，観光客など農村地域の価値を見直し活動しようとする多様な要素が個別に結びつくことにより，この地域の魅力を高めてきた

Vapor-liquid equilibrium of benzene-biphenyl

A comprehensive survey has been made of vapor liquid equilibrium apparatuses in the light of historical development. Two of the better types of units have been chosen and built for this research. The vapor liquid equilibria of benzene-n-butanol and benzene-biphenyl were determined on the Gillespie-Fowler equilibrium still. Thermodynamic consistency of the results was checked with the van Laar and Margules integrations of the Gibbs Dubem equation. Results obtained on the benzene-n-butanol system appear to conform to theory within experimental error. However, those of benzene-biphenyl show very little consistency. Temperature-Composition diagrams were drawn for both systems and follow the general form for non-azeotropic mixtures.Science, Faculty ofChemistry, Department ofGraduat

3.2 Internationalization through Landscape Observation and Reflection: Student Evaluations of Tourist Walking Routes in Tokyo

Since 2010 TRU students have studied the walkability of Bunkyo Ward in Tokyo while taking Geography 3700 – Field Course in Geography. Students first become aware of the diversity of urban landscapes while on a guided walk through Kamloops. After arriving in Japan, students tentatively select a tourist walking route among a series provided by the local tourism association. The first day students work in small groups and walk parts of their routes to confirm which routes they want to research. The next day students then set off on their own to record observations, make sketches and take photographs. They also evaluate their routes in terms of walkability -- for example, traffic safety, variety of architecture, land use, and places to rest. This material is then used to write a report about the walking route, including recommendations for improvements. This poster outlines my observations, recommendations and suggestions for other instructors taking students on field trips abroad or in the local area, e.g., Kamloops. In particular, it shows how a simple student-led walking activity can increase cross-cultural and community awareness as well as improving the ability to reflect, critique, and make culturally sensitive and place - appropriate recommendations