A randomised controlled trial of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF-MS) versus conventional microbiological methods for identifying pathogens: Impact on optimal antimicrobial therapy of invasive bacterial and fungal infections in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the impact of MALDITOF-MS on the timeliness of optimal antimicrobial therapy through a parallel-arm randomised controlled trial in two hospitals in Vietnam. METHODS: We recruited patients with a pathogen (bacterial or fungal) cultured from a normally sterile sample. Samples were randomly assigned (1:1) to identification by MALDITOF-MS or conventional diagnostics. The primary outcome was the proportion on optimal antimicrobial therapy within 24 h of positive culture, determined by a blinded independent review committee. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02306330). RESULTS: Among 1005 randomised patients, pathogens were isolated from 628 (326 intervention, 302 control), with 377 excluded as likely contaminants or discharged/died before positive culture. Most isolates were cultured from blood (421/628, 67.0%). The proportion receiving optimal antimicrobial therapy within 24 h (the primary outcome) or 48 h of growth was not significantly different between MALDITOF-MS and control arms (135/326, 41.4% vs 120/302, 39.7%; Adjusted Odds ration (AOR) 1.17, p = 0.40 and 151/326, 46.3% vs 141/302, 46.7%; AOR 1.05 p = 0.79, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: MALDITOF-MS, in the absence of an antimicrobial stewardship programme, did not improve the proportion on optimal antimicrobial therapy at 24 or 48 h after first growth in a lower-middle income setting with high rates of antibiotic resistance

COVID-19 Social Science and Public Engagement Action Research in Vietnam, Indonesia and Nepal (SPEAR): Protocol for a mixed methods study exploring the experiences and impacts of COVID-19 for healthcare workers and vulnerable communities

Background: When the novel coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2 – started to spread globally, there was a call for social and behavioral scientists to conduct research to explore the wider socio-cultural contexts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), to understand vulnerabilities, as well as to increase engagement within communities to facilitate adoption of public health measures. In this manuscript, we describe the protocol for a study conducted in Indonesia, Nepal, and Vietnam. In the study, we explore how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting individuals and their communities. We focus on the wider health and economic impacts of COVID-19, in particular emerging and increased burden on mental health, as well as new or deepened vulnerabilities in the communities. The introduction of vaccines has added another layer of complexity and highlights differences in acceptance and inequalities around access.  Methods: We use mixed methods, combining survey methods and social media surveillance to gain a picture of the general situation within each country, with in-depth qualitative methods to gain a deeper understanding of issues, coupled with a synergistic engagement component. We also include an exploration of the role of social media in revealing or driving perceptions of the pandemic more broadly. Participants include health workers and members of communities from 13 sites across the three countries. Data collection is spread across two phases. Phase 1 is concerned with exploring lived experiences, impacts on working lives and livelihoods, mental health and coping strategies. Phase 2 is concerned with acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, factors that increase and reduce acceptance, and factors that influence access. Conclusions: We will disseminate findings in multiple ways including short reports and policy briefs, articles in peer-reviewed journals, and digital diaries will be edited into short films and uploaded onto social media sites.</ns3:p

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Développement d'un système optimal de surveillance de la résistance aux antimicrobiens au Viet Nam

La résistance aux antimicrobiens (AMR) est une préoccupation majeure de santé publique mondiale. Le Plan d'Action National du Viet Nam sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens a reconnu la surveillance comme l'un des éléments essentiels du contrôle. Cependant, le système actuel de surveillance de l’AMR (AMRSS) au Vietnam est susceptible de sur-représenter les infections graves et les infections nosocomiales (HAI), ce qui pourrait entraîner une surestimation de la résistance des infections acquises dans la communauté (CAI). Cette thèse vise à évaluer l'AMRSS au Viet Nam et à faire des suggestions pour optimiser l'efficacité de l'AMRSS en fournissant des données AMR précises et représentatives pour les patients CAI dans ce contexte.Une revue systématique de la littérature a été menée pour produire un aperçu des AMRSS qui ont été mis en œuvre à l'échelle mondiale et des évaluations de ces systèmes. Il n'y a pas de cadre normalisé ni de lignes directrices pour mener une évaluation de l'AMRSS. Moins de 10% des systèmes ont signalé une évaluation du système, en se concentrant sur quelques attributs tels que la représentativité, l'opportunité, le biais, le coût, la couverture et la sensibilité. Cet examen a mis en évidence la nécessité d'une évaluation systématique pour évaluer les performances de l'AMRSS et de l'élaboration de méthodes spécifiques, s'appuyant sur les directives d'évaluation actuelles, avec des attributs supplémentaires spécifiques pour la surveillance de l’AMR.Une évaluation du système de surveillance VINARES (résistance du Viet Nam) en milieu hospitalier au Viet Nam sur deux périodes, 2012-2013 et 2016-2017, a été réalisée. La sensibilité de l'AMRSS était de l'ordre de 2 à 5% et est restée similaire entre les deux périodes. Il y a eu un retard dans la soumission des données des hôpitaux, ce qui a affecté la rapidité de la surveillance. Aucune évaluation du système de surveillance n'a été effectuée pour identifier les problèmes et mettre en œuvre des solutions rapides. Les données de ces deux périodes ont montré des tendances croissantes de résistance parmi les combinaisons pathogènes-antimicrobiens clés, et un manque de discrimination dans les résultats de résistance entre les patients CAI et HAI.Une optimisation par modélisation de l'AMRSS en milieu hospitalier a ensuite été réalisée en se concentrant sur Klebsiella pneumoniae résistant aux carbapénèmes en utilisant les données de base de VINARES et en utilisant des méthodologies basées sur des modèles examinant les attributs clés, notamment la précision, la sensibilité, la couverture et la représentativité avec deux hypothèses: (1) les hôpitaux de un même type (national, spécialisé et provincial) était similaire; (2) les proportions de résistants étaient similaires selon le type d'hôpitaux pour le CAI alors qu'elles variaient pour le HAI. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats ont montré que la précision des données sur l’AMR est améliorée lorsque le nombre d'hôpitaux augmente (diminution de 0,6% de l'erreur quadratique moyenne pour un hôpital). Pour un budget donné, le nombre optimal d'hôpitaux par type peut être déterminé en utilisant cette approche de modélisation pour identifier un système avec les meilleures valeurs pour chaque attribut de performance.Les résultats indiquent que l'AMRSS actuel peut augmenter les proportions d'hôpitaux spécialisés et provinciaux pour accroître la précision des données et la représentativité du système. Les résultats sont valables pour un AMRSS avec des structures organisationnelles et des protocoles de collecte de données similaires de VINARES. Le budget que le gouvernement et les partenaires de développement étrangers sont prêts à consacrer à la surveillance de l’AMR est également un facteur important pour identifier la combinaison optimale des hôpitaux pour l’AMRSS.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern. The Viet Nam National Action Plan on AMR recognised surveillance as one of critical components for control. However, the current AMR surveillance system (AMRSS) in Viet Nam is likely to be over-representing severe and hospital acquired infections (HAI), potentially resulting in an overestimation of resistance among community acquired infection (CAI). This thesis aims to evaluate the AMRSS in Viet Nam and to make suggestions to optimize the AMRSS effectiveness in providing accurate and representative AMR data for CAI patients in this setting.A systematic litterature review was conducted to generate an overview of the AMRSSs that have been implemented globally and any evaluations of such systems. There is no standardized framework or guidelines for conducting evaluation of AMRSS. Less than 10% of the systems reported some system evaluation, focusing on few attributes such as representativeness, timeliness, bias, cost, coverage, and sensitivity. This review highlighted the need for systematic evaluation to assess AMRSS performance and for developing specific methods, building on current evaluation guidelines, with additional attributes specific for AMR surveillance.An evaluation of the hospital-based VINARES (Viet Nam Resistance) AMRSS in Viet Nam in two time periods, 2012-2013 and 2016-2017, was carried out. The sensitivity of the AMRSS was in the 2-5% range and remained similar between the two periods. There was a delay in data submission from the hospitals, which affected surveillance timeliness. No evaluation of the surveillance system was carried out to identify problems and implement prompt resolutions. Data from these two periods showed increasing trends of resistance among key pathogen – antimicrobial combinations, and a lack of discrimination in resistance results between CAI and HAI patients.Optimization through modelling of the hospital based AMRSS was then carried out focusing on carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae using baseline data from VINARES and employing model-based methodologies examining key attributes including accuracy, sensitivity, coverage, and representativeness with two assumptions: (1) hospitals of a same type (national, specialized and provincial) were similar; (2) resistant proportions were similar by type of hospitals for CAI while they varied for HAI. Overall, the results showed that the accuracy of AMR data is enhanced when the number of hospitals increases (0.6% decrease in mean squared error for one additional hospital (CI 0.6% - 0.7%)). For a given amount of budget, the optimal numbers of hospitals by type can be determined using this modelling approach to identify a system with the best values for each performance attribute.The results indicate that the current AMRSS can increase the proportions of specialized and provincial hospitals to increase accuracy of data and system representativeness. The models were based on VINARES data, therefore the results are likely to be valid for an AMRSS with similar organizational structures and data collection protocols. The amount of budget that the government and foreign development partners are willing to spend on AMR surveillance is also an important factor in identifying the optimal hospital combination for the AMRSS

Development of an optimal antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in Viet Nam

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern. The Viet Nam National Action Plan on AMR recognised surveillance as one of critical components for control. However, the current AMR surveillance system (AMRSS) in Viet Nam is likely to be over-representing severe and hospital acquired infections (HAI), potentially resulting in an overestimation of resistance among community acquired infection (CAI). This thesis aims to evaluate the AMRSS in Viet Nam and to make suggestions to optimize the AMRSS effectiveness in providing accurate and representative AMR data for CAI patients in this setting.A systematic litterature review was conducted to generate an overview of the AMRSSs that have been implemented globally and any evaluations of such systems. There is no standardized framework or guidelines for conducting evaluation of AMRSS. Less than 10% of the systems reported some system evaluation, focusing on few attributes such as representativeness, timeliness, bias, cost, coverage, and sensitivity. This review highlighted the need for systematic evaluation to assess AMRSS performance and for developing specific methods, building on current evaluation guidelines, with additional attributes specific for AMR surveillance.An evaluation of the hospital-based VINARES (Viet Nam Resistance) AMRSS in Viet Nam in two time periods, 2012-2013 and 2016-2017, was carried out. The sensitivity of the AMRSS was in the 2-5% range and remained similar between the two periods. There was a delay in data submission from the hospitals, which affected surveillance timeliness. No evaluation of the surveillance system was carried out to identify problems and implement prompt resolutions. Data from these two periods showed increasing trends of resistance among key pathogen – antimicrobial combinations, and a lack of discrimination in resistance results between CAI and HAI patients.Optimization through modelling of the hospital based AMRSS was then carried out focusing on carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae using baseline data from VINARES and employing model-based methodologies examining key attributes including accuracy, sensitivity, coverage, and representativeness with two assumptions: (1) hospitals of a same type (national, specialized and provincial) were similar; (2) resistant proportions were similar by type of hospitals for CAI while they varied for HAI. Overall, the results showed that the accuracy of AMR data is enhanced when the number of hospitals increases (0.6% decrease in mean squared error for one additional hospital (CI 0.6% - 0.7%)). For a given amount of budget, the optimal numbers of hospitals by type can be determined using this modelling approach to identify a system with the best values for each performance attribute.The results indicate that the current AMRSS can increase the proportions of specialized and provincial hospitals to increase accuracy of data and system representativeness. The models were based on VINARES data, therefore the results are likely to be valid for an AMRSS with similar organizational structures and data collection protocols. The amount of budget that the government and foreign development partners are willing to spend on AMR surveillance is also an important factor in identifying the optimal hospital combination for the AMRSS.La résistance aux antimicrobiens (AMR) est une préoccupation majeure de santé publique mondiale. Le Plan d'Action National du Viet Nam sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens a reconnu la surveillance comme l'un des éléments essentiels du contrôle. Cependant, le système actuel de surveillance de l’AMR (AMRSS) au Vietnam est susceptible de sur-représenter les infections graves et les infections nosocomiales (HAI), ce qui pourrait entraîner une surestimation de la résistance des infections acquises dans la communauté (CAI). Cette thèse vise à évaluer l'AMRSS au Viet Nam et à faire des suggestions pour optimiser l'efficacité de l'AMRSS en fournissant des données AMR précises et représentatives pour les patients CAI dans ce contexte.Une revue systématique de la littérature a été menée pour produire un aperçu des AMRSS qui ont été mis en œuvre à l'échelle mondiale et des évaluations de ces systèmes. Il n'y a pas de cadre normalisé ni de lignes directrices pour mener une évaluation de l'AMRSS. Moins de 10% des systèmes ont signalé une évaluation du système, en se concentrant sur quelques attributs tels que la représentativité, l'opportunité, le biais, le coût, la couverture et la sensibilité. Cet examen a mis en évidence la nécessité d'une évaluation systématique pour évaluer les performances de l'AMRSS et de l'élaboration de méthodes spécifiques, s'appuyant sur les directives d'évaluation actuelles, avec des attributs supplémentaires spécifiques pour la surveillance de l’AMR.Une évaluation du système de surveillance VINARES (résistance du Viet Nam) en milieu hospitalier au Viet Nam sur deux périodes, 2012-2013 et 2016-2017, a été réalisée. La sensibilité de l'AMRSS était de l'ordre de 2 à 5% et est restée similaire entre les deux périodes. Il y a eu un retard dans la soumission des données des hôpitaux, ce qui a affecté la rapidité de la surveillance. Aucune évaluation du système de surveillance n'a été effectuée pour identifier les problèmes et mettre en œuvre des solutions rapides. Les données de ces deux périodes ont montré des tendances croissantes de résistance parmi les combinaisons pathogènes-antimicrobiens clés, et un manque de discrimination dans les résultats de résistance entre les patients CAI et HAI.Une optimisation par modélisation de l'AMRSS en milieu hospitalier a ensuite été réalisée en se concentrant sur Klebsiella pneumoniae résistant aux carbapénèmes en utilisant les données de base de VINARES et en utilisant des méthodologies basées sur des modèles examinant les attributs clés, notamment la précision, la sensibilité, la couverture et la représentativité avec deux hypothèses: (1) les hôpitaux de un même type (national, spécialisé et provincial) était similaire; (2) les proportions de résistants étaient similaires selon le type d'hôpitaux pour le CAI alors qu'elles variaient pour le HAI. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats ont montré que la précision des données sur l’AMR est améliorée lorsque le nombre d'hôpitaux augmente (diminution de 0,6% de l'erreur quadratique moyenne pour un hôpital). Pour un budget donné, le nombre optimal d'hôpitaux par type peut être déterminé en utilisant cette approche de modélisation pour identifier un système avec les meilleures valeurs pour chaque attribut de performance.Les résultats indiquent que l'AMRSS actuel peut augmenter les proportions d'hôpitaux spécialisés et provinciaux pour accroître la précision des données et la représentativité du système. Les résultats sont valables pour un AMRSS avec des structures organisationnelles et des protocoles de collecte de données similaires de VINARES. Le budget que le gouvernement et les partenaires de développement étrangers sont prêts à consacrer à la surveillance de l’AMR est également un facteur important pour identifier la combinaison optimale des hôpitaux pour l’AMRSS

New records of the forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii in Viet Nam revealed by camera traps

The forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, having declined precipitously, primarily through unsustainable hunting to supply the trade in musk. Although the majority of the species’ range lies in China, it extends marginally into north-east Viet Nam. In the late 1990s, the population in Viet Nam was estimated to be 200 individuals, and declining, but there have been no updates on the species’ status in Viet Nam since then, and given the high hunting pressure in many of the country's protected areas, it was unknown whether the species persists. In January 2021, scientists with the Vietnam National University of Forestry were provided with photographs of a musk deer that had reportedly been captured by local hunters in the buffer zone of a protected area in north-east Viet Nam. Follow-up camera-trapping during 3–19 February, with 10 cameras set in mountainous karst habitat within the reserve, resulted in two photographic sequences of musk deer from two of the 10 cameras (it is unclear whether the photographs represent one or two individuals). To our knowledge, these photographs provide the first confirmation in more than 2 decades that the species persists in Viet Nam. We recommend additional surveys of the musk deer in the protected area where it was recorded, and surveys in other karst areas in northern Viet Nam to assess if other populations survive. It is likely that unsustainable hunting through the setting of indiscriminate wire snares is a threat to any remaining musk deer, as it is to other large mammals. We recommend increased snare removal efforts, education and outreach with local communities, and the implementation of proactive wildlife crime prevention approaches

Klebsiella pneumoniae with capsule type K64 is overrepresented among invasive disease in Vietnam

Introduction: Recent reports indicate the emergence of community-acquired pneumonia associated with K64-Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, we identify the capsular types and sequence type of invasive and commensal K. pneumoniae isolates from Vietnam. Methods: We included 93 K. pneumoniae isolates from patients hospitalized at the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi between 2007 and 2011; and 110 commensal isolates from throat swabs from healthy volunteers living in rural and urban Hanoi in 2012. We determined sequence types (STs) by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and capsule typing for seven K types by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion. Results: The most common detected capsule types were K1 (39/203, 19.2%, mainly ST23) and K2 (31/203, 15.3%, multiple STs: ST65, ST86, ST380). We found significantly more K2 isolates among invasive in comparison to commensal isolates (22.6% vs 9%, p = 0.01) but no significant difference was observed between invasive and commensal K1 isolates (14.5% vs 24.7%, p = 0.075). K64 with varying sequence types were predominantly seen among invasive K. pneumoniae (8 vs. 3) and were isolated from sepsis and meningitis patients. Among K64 isolates, one was carbapenem-resistant with ST799. Conclusion: Our study confirms that capsule type K64 K. pneumoniae is associated with community-acquired invasive infections in Vietnam. Research is needed to unravel the mechanisms of virulence of capsule type K64 in both community and hospital settings

Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Microbiota of Human Gut and Its Direct Environment in a Household Cohort with High Background of Antibiotic Use

Comprehensive insight into the microbiota of the gut of humans and animals, as well as their living environment, in communities with a high background of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance genes is scarce. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to describe the (dis)similarities in the microbiota of feces from humans (n = 107), domestic animals (n = 36), water (n = 89), and processed food (n = 74) in a cohort with individual history of antibiotic use in northern Vietnam. A significantly lower microbial diversity was observed among individuals who used antibiotics in the past 4 months (n = 44) compared to those who did not (n = 63). Fecal microbiota of humans was more diverse than nonhuman samples and shared a small part of its amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with feces from animals (7.4% (3.2–9.9)), water (2.2% (1.2–2.8)), and food (3.1% (1.5–3.1)). Sharing of ASVs between humans and companion animals was not associated with the household. However, we did observe a correlation between an Enterobacteriaceae ASV and the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-group-2 encoding genes in feces from humans and animals (p = 1.6 × 10(−3) and p = 2.6 × 10(−2), respectively), hinting toward an exchange of antimicrobial-resistant strains between reservoirs

Bacterial bloodstream infections in a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Northern Vietnam: aetiology, drug resistance, and treatment outcome

Abstract Background Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. However their aetiology, antimicrobial susceptibilities and associated outcomes differ between developed and developing countries. Systematic data from Vietnam are scarce. Here we present aetiologic data on BSI in adults admitted to a large tertiary referral hospital for infectious diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases between January 2011 and December 2013. Cases of BSI were determined from records in the microbiology department. Case records were obtained where possible and clinical findings, treatment and outcome were recorded. BSI were classified as community acquired if the blood sample was drawn ≤48 h after hospitalization or hospital acquired if >48 h. Results A total of 738 patients with BSI were included for microbiological analysis. The predominant pathogens were: Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.5%), Escherichia coli (17.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (9.6%) and Streptococcus suis (7.6%). The overall proportion of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production among Enterobacteriaceae was 25.1% (67/267 isolates) and of methicillin-resistance in S. aureus (MRSA) 37% (40/108). Clinical data was retrieved for 477 (64.6%) patients; median age was 48 years (IQR 36–60) with 27.7% female. The overall case fatality rate was 28.9% and the highest case fatality was associated with Enterobacteriaceae BSI (34.7%) which accounted for 61.6% of all BSI fatalities. Conclusions Enterobacteriaceae (predominantly K. pneumoniae and E. coli) are the most common cause of both community and hospital acquired bloodstream infections in a tertiary referral clinic in northern Vietnam

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antibiotic consumption results from 16 hospitals in Viet Nam : the VINARES project 2012-2013

Objective : To establish a hospital-based surveillance network with national coverage for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antibiotic consumption in Viet Nam. Methods : A 16-hospital network (Viet Nam Resistance: VINARES) was established and consisted of national and provincial-level hospitals across the country. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results from routine clinical diagnostic specimens and antibiotic consumption data in Defined Daily Dose per 1000 bed days (DDD/1000 patient-days) were prospectively collected and analysed between October 2012 and September 2013. Results : Data from a total of 24 732 de-duplicated clinical isolates were reported. The most common bacteria were: Escherichia coli (4437 isolates, 18%), Klebsiella spp. (3290 isolates, 13%) and Acinetobacter spp. (2895 isolates, 12%). The hospital average antibiotic consumption was 918 DDD/1000 patient-days. Third-generation cephalosporins were the most frequently used antibiotic class (223 DDD/1000 patient-days, 24%), followed by fluoroquinolones (151 DDD/1000 patient-days, 16%) and second-generation cephalosporins (112 DDD/1000 patient-days, 12%). Proportions of antibiotic resistance were high: 1098/1580 (69%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA); 115/344 isolates (33%) and 90/358 (25%) Streptococcus pneumoniae had reduced susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone, respectively. A total of 180/2977 (6%) E. coli and 242/1526 (16%) Klebsiella pneumoniae were resistant to imipenem, respectively; 602/1826 (33%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to ceftazidime and 578/1765 (33%) to imipenem. Of Acinetobacter spp. 1495/2138 (70%) were resistant to carbapenems and 2/333 (1%) to colistin. Conclusions : These data are valuable in providing a baseline for AMR among common bacterial pathogens in Vietnamese hospitals and to assess the impact of interventions