A rural social survey of Orange Township, Blackhawk County, Iowa

Agriculture is still our chief business, but the study of agriculture should be something more than a study of its economic problems. It should be educational, moral, political, religious and social, as well. Good business in agriculture has a vital relationship with all other activities of men in the open country. Upon good farming wait all other institutions and community enterprises in the country, such as good homes, good schools, good churches, good roads and the many other rural community or co-operative enterprises. But it should be remembered that good farming is only a means and that good living is the end to be attained. This study is concerned especially with an investigation and study of the institutions and conditions that wait on, or follow after, good business in farming and which are the tangible and intangible evidences of good living in the open country

The Survey as a Guide to Rural Social Progress

A rural social survey Is an inventory of the factors which are at work, either favorably or unfavorably, in the economic, educational, moral, political, religious and social life of a rural people. Its purpose Is to do tor the community what the physician does for the patient when he makes a scientific diagnosis of the case and then follows this with a treatment designed to remove the trouble. Or It alms to do for a community what the chemist does when he makes an analysis of a compound and classifies the Ingredients, and labels each class for just what It Is, without respect to anything except the truth as the analysis has revealed It to him

Rural social survey of Hudson, Orange and Jesup consolidated school districts, Black-hawk and Buchanan Counties, Iowa

This bulletin contains a detailed survey of the 385 farm homes and farm families living in Hudson, Orange and Jesup consolidated school districts of Blackhawk and Buchanan counties. Farm people are constantly asking two questions. These are: “(1) What can we do to make life on the farm mean more? (2) How can we, with the cooperation of those engaged in the scientific study of rural life, secure a richer and fuller farm life?” But before farm people can find or work out a constructive and satisfactory solution to these questions they must have accurate and first-hand information on two other questions. These are: (1) What have they in their community to work with? and (2 ) What has already been done and what is now being done to make farm life more attractive? Information on, or an answer to these latter questions alone can serve as a practical and scientific basis on which to build a program of action. Individuals and groups of farm people can then work constructively toward making farm life more pleasant

The social aspects of rural life and farm tenantry, Cedar County, Iowa

This survey is a detailed study of 400 farms and farm families located in the northwest corner of Cedar county, Iowa. The area comprises Pioneer, Fremont, Red Oak, Linn, and the northeast part of Cass townships, exclusive of the incorporated towns of Stanwood and Mechanicsville. Only a record of the organizations and institutions in these towns is included in this study. The study is a detailed analysis of the population, economic, educational, religious and social conditions as found on the 400 farms and among the farm people on these farms. The area covers 128 square miles, or a little over one-fifth of the entire county

Comparative regioselective and sttereosellective metabolism of 7-dhiloroIbe]niz[fl]aini(tIhiiraceiiie amd 7-bromobeinizMaMilIhiiraceinie by momise amid rat liver mcrosomes

Quantitative metabolism of 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene (7-C1-BA) and 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene (7-Br-BA) by liver microsomes of uninduced mice and rats was studied. Both enzymatic systems metabolize 7-C1-BA preferentially at the C-8 and C-9 aromatic double bond region, -42 and -56% respectively, of the total metabolites. 7-C1-BA and 7-Br-BA were metabolized considerably at C-3 and C-4, C-5 and C-6, C-8 and C-9, and C-10 and C-ll. While 7-C1-BA <rans-3,4-dihydrodiol was formed in a 7-8% yield of the total metabolites in both enzymatic systems, 7-Br-BA trans-3,4-dihdyrodiol was formed 16.0 and 9.9% respectively, from the mouse and rat liver microsomal metabolism. In mutagenicity assays with the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100 in the presence of S9 activation enzymes, both of these fra/w-3,4-dihydrodiols exhibited higher mutagenicity than 7-C1-BA and 7-Br-BA, while the other ftwis-dihydrodiol metabolites were either essentially inactive or weaker than the parent compounds. These results suggest that 7-C1-BA *ra/is-3,4-dihydrodiol and 7-Br-BA *ra/is-3,4-dihydrodiol are the proximate metabolites of 7-CI-BA and 7-Br-BA. Metabolism of 7-CI-BA and 7-Br-BA by mouse liver mkrosomes was also in a stereoselective manner, preferentially giving /nz/u-dihydrodiol metabolites an R, R stereochemistry

Micronuclei induced by reverse transcriptase inhibitors in mononucleated and binucleated cells as assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay

This study evaluated the clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential of three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (zidovudine - AZT, lamivudine - 3TC and stavudine - d4T) using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in human lymphocyte cultures. All three inhibitors produced a positive response when tested in binucleated cells. The genotoxicity of AZT and 3TC was restricted to binucleated cells since there was no significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in mononucleated cells. This finding indicated that AZT and 3TC caused chromosomal breakage and that their genotoxicity was related to a clastogenic action. In addition to the positive response observed with d4T in binucleated cells, this drug also increased the frequency of micronuclei in mononucleated cells, indicating clastogenic and aneugenic actions. Since the structural differences between AZT and 3TC and AZT and d4T involve the 3' position in the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside and in an unsaturated 2',3',dideoxyribose, respectively, we suggest that an unsaturated 2', 3', dideoxyribose is responsible for the clastogenic and aneugenic actions of d4T

Detection of PIGO-Deficient Cells Using Proaerolysin: A Valuable Tool to Investigate Mechanisms of Mutagenesis in the DT40 Cell System

While isogenic DT40 cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways are a great tool to understand the DNA damage response to genotoxic agents by a comparison of cell toxicity in mutants and parental DT40 cells, no convenient mutation assay for mutagens currently exists for this reverse-genetic system. Here we establish a proaerolysin (PA) selection-based mutation assay in DT40 cells to identify glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor deficient cells. Using PA, we detected an increase in the number of PA-resistant DT40 cells exposed to MMS for 24 hours followed by a 5-day period of phenotype expression. GPI anchor synthesis is catalyzed by a series of phosphatidylinositol glycan complementation groups (PIGs). The PIG-O gene is on the sex chromosome (Chromosome Z) in chicken cells and is critical for GPI anchor synthesis at the intermediate step. Among all the mutations detected in the sequence levels observed in DT40 cells exposed to MMS at 100 µM, we identified that ∼55% of the mutations are located at A:T sites with a high frequency of A to T transversion mutations. In contrast, we observed no transition mutations out of 18 mutations. This novel assay for DT40 cells provides a valuable tool to investigate the mode of action of mutations caused by reactive agents using a series of isogenic mutant DT40 cells

Risks for public health related to the presence of furan and methylfurans in food

EFSA wishes to thank the hearing experts: Diana Doell and Ruud Woutersen and EFSA staff member: José Cortinas Abrahantes for the support provided to this scientific output. The CONTAM Panel acknowledges all European competent institutions and other stakeholders that provided occurrence data on furan and methylfurans in food, and supported the data collection for the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Adopted: 20 September 2017Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Exposure assessment of process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring

Exposure assessment is a fundamental part of the risk assessment paradigm, but can often present a number of challenges and uncertainties. This is especially the case for process contaminants formed during the processing, e.g. heating of food, since they are in part highly reactive and/or volatile, thus making exposure assessment by analysing contents in food unreliable. New approaches are therefore required to accurately assess consumer exposure and thus better inform the risk assessment. Such novel approaches may include the use of biomarkers, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry, and/or duplicate diet studies. This review focuses on the state of the art with respect to the use of biomarkers of exposure for the process contaminants acrylamide, 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, furan and acrolein. From the overview presented, it becomes clear that the field of assessing human exposure to process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring is promising and strongly developing. The current state of the art as well as the existing data gaps and challenges for the future were defined. They include (1) using PBK modelling and duplicate diet studies to establish, preferably in humans, correlations between external exposure and biomarkers; (2) elucidation of the possible endogenous formation of the process-related contaminants and the resulting biomarker levels; (3) the influence of inter-individual variations and how to include that in the biomarker-based exposure predictions; (4) the correction for confounding factors; (5) the value of the different biomarkers in relation to exposure scenario’s and risk assessment, and (6) the possibilities of novel methodologies. In spite of these challenges it can be concluded that biomarker-based exposure assessment provides a unique opportunity to more accurately assess consumer exposure to process-related contaminants in food and thus to better inform risk assessment