90 research outputs found
The Evolution of Multicomponent Systems at High Pressures: VI. The Thermodynamic Stability of the Hydrogen-Carbon System: The Genesis of Hydrocarbons and the Origin of Petroleum
The spontaneous genesis of hydrocarbons which comprise natural petroleum have
been analyzed by chemical thermodynamic stability theory. The constraints
imposed upon chemical evolution by the second law of thermodynamics are briefly
reviewed; and the effective prohibition of transformation, in the regime of
temperatures and pressures characteristic of the near-surface crust of the
Earth, of biological molecules into hydrocarbon molecules heavier than methane
is recognized.
A general, first-principles equation of state has been developed by extending
scaled particle theory (SPT) and by using the technique of the factored
partition function of the Simplified Perturbed Hard Chain Theory (SPHCT). The
chemical potentials, and the respective thermodynamic Affinity, have been
calculated for typical components of the hydrogen-carbon (H-C) system over a
range pressures between 1-100 kbar, and at temperatures consistent with those
of the depths of the Earth at such pressures. The theoretical analyses
establish that the normal alkanes, the homologous hydrocarbon group of lowest
chemical potential, evolve only at pressures greater than approximately thirty
kbar, excepting only the lightest, methane. The pressure of thirty kbar
corresponds to depths of approximately 100 km.
Special high-pressure apparatus has been designed which permits
investigations at pressures to 50 kbar and temperatures to 2000 K, and which
also allows rapid cooling while maintaining high pressures. The high-pressure
genesis of petroleum hydrocarbons has been demonstrated using only the solid
reagents iron oxide, FeO, and marble, CaCO3, 99.9% pure and wet with
triple-distilled water
Tendencies of interaction between Russian universities and companies implementing innovative development programs
The main aim of this article is to analyze key indicators and trends of global innovative development and their role in development. Attention is given to the consideration of several mechanisms of interaction between universities and state companies, with concrete measures and steps that can be used in economic policy. The authors analyze the real experience of the Russian economy now. Based on collected data for the total volume of R&D, revenues and the number of patents, regression models were constructed to determine the relationship between the named indicators. Recommendations and innovative ideas to improve the economic policy are given to achieve the goals and to justify the use of mechanisms of "compulsion to innovate" in state companies for the implementation of more productive development programs.peer-reviewe
Models of normative consolidation of the municipal police constitutional and legal status
The article is devoted to the comparative legal analysis of normative general and specialized legal acts, which indirectly or directly fix the constitutional and legal status of the lower level of public order protection bodies - the municipal police. The relevance of this study is explained by the attribution of local self-government bodies to the number of subjects of public order protection in the Russian Federation through the establishment of the municipal police, after the adoption of a specialized law on the municipal police. The comparative legal study made it possible to highlight the existing models of normative consolidation of the municipal police constitutional and legal status in accordance with the form of state structure
Strategy for improved NH2 detection in combustion environments using an Alexandrite laser
A new scheme for NH2 detection by means of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) with excitation around wavelength 385 nm, accessible using the second harmonic of a solid-state Alexandrite laser, is presented. Detection of NH2 was confirmed by identification of corresponding lines in fluorescence excitation spectra measured in premixed NH3-air flames and on NH2 radicals generated through NH3 photolysis in a nonreactive flow at ambient conditions. Moreover, spectral simulations allow for tentative NH2 line identification. Dispersed fluorescence emission spectra measured in flames and photolysis experiments showed lines attributed to vibrational bands of the NH2 A2A1 ← X2B1 transition but also a continuous structure, which in flame was observed to be dependent on nitrogen added to the fuel, apparently also generated by NH2. A general conclusion was that fluorescence interferences need to be carefully considered for NH2 diagnostics in this spectral region. Excitation for laser irradiances up to 0.2 GW/cm2 did not result in NH2 fluorescence saturation and allowed for efficient utilization of the available laser power without indication of laser-induced photochemistry. Compared with a previously employed excitation/detection scheme for NH2 at around 630 nm, excitation at 385.7 nm showed a factor of ~ 15 higher NH2 signal. The improved signal allowed for single-shot NH2 LIF imaging on centimeter scale in flame with signal-to-noise ratio of 3 for concentrations around 1000 ppm, suggesting a detection limit around 700 ppm. Thus, the presented approach for NH2 detection provides enhanced possibilities for characterization of fuel-nitrogen combustion chemistry
2d Gauge Theories and Generalized Geometry
We show that in the context of two-dimensional sigma models minimal coupling
of an ordinary rigid symmetry Lie algebra leads naturally to the
appearance of the "generalized tangent bundle" by means of composite fields. Gauge transformations of the composite
fields follow the Courant bracket, closing upon the choice of a Dirac structure
(or, more generally, the choide of a "small
Dirac-Rinehart sheaf" ), in which the fields as well as the symmetry
parameters are to take values. In these new variables, the gauge theory takes
the form of a (non-topological) Dirac sigma model, which is applicable in a
more general context and proves to be universal in two space-time dimensions: A
gauging of of a standard sigma model with Wess-Zumino term
exists, \emph{iff} there is a prolongation of the rigid symmetry to a Lie
algebroid morphism from the action Lie algebroid
into (or the algebraic analogue of the morphism in the case of
). The gauged sigma model results from a pullback by this morphism
from the Dirac sigma model, which proves to be universal in two-spacetime
dimensions in this sense.Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures; To appear in Journal of High Energy Physic
Učinak dodatka proteina iz otpada kože na hematološke i biokemijske pokazatelje metabolizma i mliječnost visokoproduktivnih krava
This study was aimed to establish the effect of a fodder protein supplement from minced subcutaneous epithelium of farm animals on hematological, biochemical parameters of metabolism and milk productivity of high-yielding cows during the early lactation. For this, three groups of cows, six animals each, were formed according to the principle of analogous pairs. The control group received the main diet, the second and third experimental groups were daily fed with 300 g and 500 g of protein supplement for 60 days in addition to the main diet, respectively. The effect of prolongation of the supplement was studied over the next 30 days. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters, qualitative and quantitative composition of milk were studied in all animals. The animals of the experimental groups showed an increase in metabolic and redox processes during the experiment. An increase in the metabolism of nutrients in the liver has been found. Due to the sufficient intake of protein in the organism of animals, there was an increase in milk productivity and milk quality indicators.Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi učinak dodatka proteina iz mljevenog potkožnog epitela domaćih životinja, na hematološke i biokemijske parametre metabolizma te proizvodnost visokoproduktivnih krava tijekom rane laktacije. Za to su prema principu analognih parova formirane tri skupine krava, svaka po šest životinja. Kontrolna skupina hranjena je osnovnim obrokom, a druga i treća eksperimentalna skupina svakodnevno su uz osnovnu hranidbu hranjene s 300 g i 500 g proteinskog dodatka tijekom 60 dana. Učinak dodatka proučavan je tijekom sljedećih 30 dana. U svih životinja proučavani su hematološki i biokemijski parametri krvi, te kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav mlijeka. Životinje pokusnih skupina pokazale su porast metaboličkih i redoks procesa tijekom pokusa. Utvrđen je porast metabolizma hranjivih sastojaka u jetri. Zbog dovoljnog unosa proteina u organizam životinja eksperimentalnih skupina došlo je do povećanja pokazatelja mliječne proizvodnosti i pokazatelja kvalitete mlijeka
Challenges in QCD matter physics - The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR
Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to
explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC
energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing
net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was
created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the
hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities
and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a
rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and
partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like
quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in
our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of
various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter
(CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD
phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is
designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the
key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential
observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense
phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100
(sqrt(s_NN) = 2.7 - 4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD
matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (mu_B > 500
MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation-of-state at high density as
it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we
review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including
activities before the start of data taking in 2022, in the context of the
worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. Published in European Physical Journal
Proceedings of the 24th Paediatric Rheumatology European Society Congress: Part three
From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications Router.Publication status: PublishedHistory: collection 2017-09, epub 2017-09-0
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