Jacques de Rette e a República dos Esportes: uma experimentação da cidadania na Educação Física (1964-1973)

 A República dos Esportes de Calais, lançada por Jacques de Rette em 1964, foi uma experiência pedagógica original no contexto da Educação Física francesa. Ela consistia numa aprendizagem escolar de cidadania a partir de uma participação ativa dos alunos numa República que tinha o esporte como suporte. Um verdadeiro reflexo das estruturas políticas gaullistas, esta experiência propagada em mais de 80 estabelecimentos durou quase dez anos. Se beneficiando de um certo sucesso, deveu-se muito à personalidade do seu criador, bem como às condições históricas da época. O “esporte” então reuniu todos os atores, independentemente de suas opções políticas. Porém, na virada das décadas de 1960 e 1970, a sociedade francesa mudou. A bipolarização política se acentuou, as condições sociais e culturais evoluíram e desafiaram a condição moderna do esporte competitivo, bem como seu uso republicano. Uma das consequências foi a ênfase do Educação Física no “conteúdo”. Mas, centrada na governança da década anterior, a experiência não conseguiu integrar esta nova abordagem baseada em diferentes bases políticas, culturais, sociais e profissionais. J. de Rette logo se viu isolado dentro da Federação que supervisionava essa República dos Esportes. Rapidamente, no início dos anos 1970, o movimento declinou. Em última instância, essa experiência questiona sobre a trajetória percorrida pela Educação Física naquele momento, não só por tentar entender os motivos que favoreceram o sucesso da didática, mas também por atentar para a organização da tomada de decisão e seus desdobramentos educacionais. Em um momento em que as questões de cidadania e democracia eram centrais para a disciplina, tal passo parecia algo primordial de ser realizado.

¿Estaba dopado el Pitufo Debilucho?: otra mirada sobre el atletismo olímpico de los años 80

Los cómics son parte integral de la vida cultural de los jóvenes. Con millones de ejemplares, la serie de publicaciones Los Pitufos es mundialmente conocida. Pero, ¿qué mensajes envían estas publicaciones a la juventud? Es necesario preguntarse sobre la representación del deporte dentro de esta serie. Más aún, es importante analizar la imagen del dopaje que estas publicaciones transmiten. Este trabajo expone los resultados del estudio del famoso volumen Los Pitufos Olímpicos que, con impresionantes resultados comerciales, ve la luz en 1983, algunos meses antes del comienzo de los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles. Por un lado, interpretando los efectos cómicos explotados por este cómic, el presente artículo pone de manifiesto la existencia de una crítica generalizada del fenómeno deportivo y del Olimpismo que podría revelarse concordante con la manera en la que las jóvenes generaciones de los años 80 aprehenden las prácticas competitivas. Por otro lado, el estudio revela que este volumen logra satisfacer tanto los intentos fogosos y críticos de la impertinente juventud como las demandas institucionales simbolizadas por la censura ministerial y parental preocupada por la paz social. Dicho de otro modo, este cómic tendría el ingenioso mérito de lograr la hazaña de aniquilar esta oposición generacional enviando un discurso crítico respecto al deporte adornado de un mensaje educativo y optimista

Los Juegos Olímpicos de Astérix y de los Pitufos: una nueva visión del deporte transmitida a la juventud

El tema de los Juegos Olímpicos tiene un papel recurrente en las tiras cómicas en lengua francesa. Con el fin de revelar las representaciones de juegos en este tipo de literatura infantil, este estudio analizará los "Juegos Olímpicos", serie de cuatro álbumes (Bibi Fricotin, Les Pieds Nickelés, Astérix y los Pitufos), que tuvieron mucho éxito en las generaciones del boom económico de la posguerra. Por un lado, este trabajo muestra que estos cómics, parodiando al héroe deportivo y criticando la puesta en escena Olímpica, trataron de atraer a los jóvenes que eran críticos de las prácticas de rendimiento. Por otra parte, se destaca el cambio gradual, desde los años de la posguerra a principios de 1980, a partir de una visión grotesca y humorística de los Juegos realizada por Bibi Fricotin y Pieds Nickelés a la aparición de una perspectiva más educativa y moralizante en Astérix y Los Pitufos.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The theme of the Olympics has a recurring role in French-language comic strips. In order to reveal the representations of games in this type of children's literature, the study will analyze the "Olympics" series of four albums (Bibi Fricotin, Les Pieds Nickelés, Astérix and The Smurfs), which were very successful with postwar economic boom generations. On the one hand, this work shows that these comics, parodying the sports hero and criticizing the Olympic staging, sought to attract young readers who were critical of performance practices. On the other hand, it emphasizes the gradual shift, from the postwar years to the early 1980s, from a grotesque and humorous vision of the Games delivered by Bibi Fricotin and Pieds Nickelés to the emergence of a more educational and moralizing perspective in Astérix and The Smurfs.Artículo revisado por pare

Il était une fois les activités physiques de Martine. De la transmission des pratiques corporelles bourgeoises dans un album illustré pour enfant depuis 1954

Les albums pour enfants participent à la construction des représentations corporelles des jeunes générations. Si les Comics (1938) donnent directement accès à la figure idéalisée de la virilité américaine, les fillettes francophones bénéficient de la parution de Martine, dès 1954, forme d'identification beaucoup plus nuancée, voire réaliste. En un demi-siècle, le scénariste et l'illustrateur de la série n'ont pas changé. Pourtant, de Martine en voyage (1954) à Martine – Princesses et chevaliers (2004), l'héroïne évolue. Ses pratiques corporelles aussi, et leur représentation inévitablement. Cette étude vise à élaborer un outil de lecture pluridisciplinaire des aventures de Martine centrées sur ses pratiques corporelles. Les analyses quantitatives et qualitatives de l'ensemble des dessins de la série sont l'occasion de montrer en quoi le livre illustré Martine est un médium complexe qui met en constante dialectique une image stéréotypée et traditionnelle de la gent féminine et une vision relativement avant-gardiste d'une petite fille en qu'te d'activités physiques pionnières et émancipatrices. Illustrated children's books contribute to the construction of the physical representations of young generations. Comics (1938) provided direct access to an idealized figure of American virility, but starting in 1954, young Francophone girls began to benefit from the publication of Martine, which presented a significantly more nuanced and even realistic form of identification. The same writer and illustrator produced the series for half a century. However, from Martine en voyage in 1954 to Martine – Princesses et chevaliers in 2004, the heroine evolved. Her physical practices also, along with their corresponding representations. This study develops a multidisciplinary tool for interpreting the adventures of Martine centred on her physical practices. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the corpus of drawings from the series demonstrate the extent to which the illustrated book Martine is a complex medium creating an ongoing dialectic around the stereotypical and traditional image of the female gender versus a relatively avant-garde vision of a young girl in search of pioneering and liberating physical activities

¿Estaba dopado el pitufo debilucho? Otra mirada sobre el atletismo olímpico de los años 80 = Was Weakling Smurf Doped? Another Glance At The Olympic Athletics In The 80s

Los cómics son parte integral de la vida cultural de los jóvenes. Con millones de ejemplares, la serie de publicaciones Los Pitufos es mundialmente conocida. Pero, ¿qué mensajes envían estas publicaciones a la juventud? Es necesario preguntarse sobre la representación del deporte dentro de esta serie. Más aún, es importante analizar la imagen del dopaje que estas publicaciones transmiten.  Este trabajo expone los resultados del estudio del famoso volumen Los Pitufos Olímpicos que, con impresionantes resultados comerciales, ve la luz en 1983, algunos meses antes del comienzo de los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles. Por un lado, interpretando los efectos cómicos explotados por este cómic, el presente artículo pone de manifiesto la existencia de una crítica generalizada del fenómeno deportivo y del Olimpismo que podría revelarse concordante con la manera en la que las jóvenes generaciones de los años 80 aprehenden las prácticas competitivas. Por otro lado, el estudio revela que este volumen logra satisfacer tanto los intentos fogosos y críticos de la impertinente juventud como las demandas institucionales simbolizadas por la censura ministerial y parental preocupada por la paz social. Dicho de otro modo, este cómic tendría el ingenioso mérito de lograr la hazaña de aniquilar esta oposición generacional enviando un discurso crítico respecto al deporte adornado de un mensaje educativo y optimista.---------------------------------------------------------------------------Graphic novels are an integral part of the cultural life of the young. With millions of copies, the publication series The Smurfs is known worldwide. But what messages send these publications to the youth? It is necessary to ask on behalf of the sport representation in this series. Moreover, it is important to analyse the image of these publications regarding doping. This paper presents the results of the study of the famous volume The Smurfs Olympics, that obtained impressive business results, and published in 1983, some months before the start of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. On the one hand, by interpreting the humorous effects exploited by this comic, this article reveals the existence of a widespread criticism of the sports and Olympism phenomenon, which could reveal its consistence with the way in which the younger generation of the 80s apprehend the competitive practices. Furthermore, the study reveals that this volume attains to satisfy both ardent critics of attempts of the impertinent youth and the institutional demands symbolized by the ministerial and parental censorship concerned about social peace. In other words, this comic would have the merit of achieving the destruction of this generational opposition by sending a critical discourse regarding sport embellished by an educational and optimistic message.Artículo revisado por pare

The B7 family member B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in humans

Cancer development is often associated with the lack of specific and efficient recognition of tumor cells by the immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that participate in the elimination of tumors. We report the identification of a tumor cell surface molecule that binds NKp30, a human receptor which triggers antitumor NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. This previously unannotated gene belongs to the B7 family and, hence, was designated B7-H6. B7-H6 triggers NKp30-mediated activation of human NK cells. B7-H6 was not detected in normal human tissues but was expressed on human tumor cells, emphasizing that the expression of stress-induced self-molecules associated with cell transformation serves as a mode of cell recognition in innate immunity

ALTA: Asynchronous Loss Tolerant Algorithms for Grid Computing

International audienceThis paper describes an environment dedicated to the building of efficient scientific applications for the Grid on top of unreliable communication networks. Nowadays, scientific computing appli-cations are usually built on top of reliable communication proto-cols (such as TCP). Nevertheless, the additional cost introduced by the reliability layer is not negligible in wide area network-based grid environments. On the other hand, data loss in communications may have a dramatic impact over the performance – if not over the correctness – of classical parallel algorithms. However, a particular class of parallel iterative algorithms hap-pens to be tolerant to such losses. This is the class of asynchronous iterative algorithms, which are commonly used in large scientific applications. They are particularly prone to a good communica-tion/computation overlap since processors are no more synchro-nized. In this study, we aim at proposing a new architecture suit-able for the development of asynchronous iterative algorithms tolerant to message losses

IL-7 and IL-15 independently program the differentiation of intestinal CD3−NKp46+ cell subsets from Id2-dependent precursors

The natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46 (encoded by Ncr1) was recently shown to identify a subset of noncytotoxic, Rag-independent gut lymphocytes that express the transcription factor Rorc, produce interleukin (IL)-22, and provide innate immune protection at the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal CD3−NKp46+ cells are phenotypically heterogeneous, comprising a minority subset that resembles classical mature splenic natural killer (NK) cells (NK1.1+, Ly49+) but also a large CD127+NK1.1− subset of lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)–like Rorc+ cells that has been proposed to include NK cell precursors. We investigated the developmental relationships between these intestinal CD3−NKp46+ subsets. Gut CD3−NKp46+ cells were related to LTi and NK cells in requiring the transcriptional inhibitor Id2 for normal development. Overexpression of IL-15 in intestinal epithelial cells expanded NK1.1+ cells within the gut but had no effect on absolute numbers of the CD127+NK1.1−Rorc+ subset of CD3−NKp46+ cells. In contrast, IL-7 deficiency strongly reduced the overall numbers of CD3−NKp46+NK1.1− cells that express Rorc and produce IL-22 but failed to restrict homeostasis of classical intestinal NK1.1+ cells. Finally, in vivo fate-mapping experiments demonstrated that intestinal NK1.1+CD127− cells are not the progeny of Rorc-expressing progenitors, indicating that CD127+NK1.1−Rorc+ cells are not canonical NK cell precursors. These studies highlight the independent cytokine regulation of functionally diverse intestinal NKp46+ cell subsets

Optimized low-dose combinatorial drug treatment boosts selectivity and efficacy of colorectal carcinoma treatment.

The current standard of care for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a combination of chemotherapeutics, often supplemented with targeted biological drugs. An urgent need exists for improved drug efficacy and minimized side effects, especially at late-stage disease. We employed the phenotypically driven therapeutically guided multidrug optimization (TGMO) technology to identify optimized drug combinations (ODCs) in CRC. We identified low-dose synergistic and selective ODCs for a panel of six human CRC cell lines also active in heterotypic 3D co-culture models. Transcriptome sequencing and phosphoproteome analyses showed that the mechanisms of action of these ODCs converged toward MAP kinase signaling and cell cycle inhibition. Two cell-specific ODCs were translated to in vivo mouse models. The ODCs reduced tumor growth by ~80%, outperforming standard chemotherapy (FOLFOX). No toxicity was observed for the ODCs, while significant side effects were induced in the group treated with FOLFOX therapy. Identified ODCs demonstrated significantly enhanced bioavailability of the individual components. Finally, ODCs were also active in primary cells from CRC patient tumor tissues. Taken together, we show that the TGMO technology efficiently identifies selective and potent low-dose drug combinations, optimized regardless of tumor mutation status, outperforming conventional chemotherapy

The Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Reactive Aggression in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Healthy Controls

Background: The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been linked to the underlying neurobiology of aggressive behavior, particularly with evidence from studies in animals and humans. However, the underlying neurobiology of aggression remains unclear in the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder known to be associated with aggression and impulsivity. We investigated the effects of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), and the resulting diminished central nervous serotonergic neurotransmission, on reactive aggression in healthy controls and adults with ADHD. Methodology/Principal Findings: Twenty male patients with ADHD and twenty healthy male controls were subjected to ATD with an amino acid (AA) beverage that lacked tryptophan (TRP, the physiological precursor of 5-HT) and a TRPbalanced AA beverage (BAL) in a double-blind, within-subject crossover-study over two study days. We assessed reactive aggression 3.25 hours after ATD/BAL intake using a point-subtraction aggression game (PSAG) in which participants played for points against a fictitious opponent. Point subtraction was taken as a measure for reactive aggression. Lowered rates of reactive aggression were found in the ADHD group under ATD after low provocation (LP), with controls showing the opposite effect. In patients with ADHD, trait-impulsivity was negatively correlated with the ATD effect on reactive aggression after LP. Statistical power was limited due to large standard deviations observed in the data on point subtraction, which may limit the use of this particular paradigm in adults with ADHD