La generación del 68 y la irrupción de la poética posmoderna

Este articulo aborda los motivos culturales y las circunstancias sociales que promueven la aparicion de la poesia espanola posmoderna. En el analizamos el proceso de cambios desde la poetica socialrealista a la generacion del 68, que empieza a aplicar los rasgos posmodernos, y comentamos los diversos modos retoricos que mantuvieron una oposicion publica durante la etapa de la transicion politica y en el periodo democratico.This article tackles about the cultural reasons and the social circumstances which promote the appearance of the Postmodern Spanish Poetry. In him we analyse the changes process from Socialrealist Poetry to the 68´s Generation, what start to apply the postmodern features, and we talk about the several rethoric ways that maintained a public opposition during the political transition stage and in the democratic period

El lugar extraterritorial de Miguel Labordeta en la poesía española. Claves para una comprensión crítica de su obra

A pesar de su calidad estética y capacidad de trangresión, la poesía de Miguel Labordeta (Zaragoza, 1921-1969) no ha sido suficientemente atendida en nuestra historia literaria. El conjunto de su obra ha permanecido al margen de las consideraciones críticas que sí han tenido otros autores coetáneos del período de la posguerra. Posiblemente el sentido innovador de su escritura y su complejo universo simbólico han mantenido los libros del poeta aragones al margen de una valaoración crítica que afirme la singularidad de su lírica dentro de un panorama poético caracterizado por una sumisión a los mensajes del realismo. El presente artículo se encarga de esclarecer algunos aspectos que pongan en valor la escritura poética de Miguel Labordeta

Estilo y símbolos en la poesía de Miguel Labordeta: Sumido 25, Violento idílico y Transeúnte central

Los poemarios Sumido 25 (1948), Violento idílico (1949) y Transeúnte central (1950) constituyen una serie correlativa de libros escritos por Miguel Labordeta (Zaragoza, 1921-1961) que responde a un impulso unitario de creación. Componen además un ciclo cuyos rasgos estilísticos caracterizan lo que se ha venido considerando el primer periodo de su escritura lírica

La obra de Aníbal Núñez en el contexto de la poética posmoderna española (Notas para una restitución generacional)

After decades of seclusion in the shadow of its promotion, Aníbal Núñez’s poetry is starting a recovery process in recent critical studies. After overcoming the restrictive premises used by poetry criticism to reduce the authors´ list and poetical tendencies of 68, the isolation of those poets —whose works did not fit in the dominant canon— is object of review in current historiography of Spanish contemporary poetry. This return to the once-excluded poets is essential to understand the plurality of discourses which make up the generation of 68: it is necessary to revive their voices of discord in order to outline their whole aesthetic scene. In the light of the innovative theoretic-critical paradigm of Spanish postmodern poetry, the works by Aníbal Núñez may be fully part of the creative scene of his generation, without forgetting the peculiarities which distinguish his poetic writing.Tras décadas de reclusión en la zona umbrosa de su promoción, la poesía de Aníbal Núñez está iniciando un proceso de recuperación en los estudios críticos recientes. Superadas ya las restrictivas premisas con que la crítica redujo la nómina de autores y tendencias poéticas del 68, el aislamiento de los poetas cuya obra no encajaba en el canon hegemónico es objeto de revisión en la actual historiografía de la poesía española contemporánea. Esta restitución de los excluidos es esencial para entender la pluralidad de los discursos que componen la generación del 68: recuperar sus voces discordantes es necesario para trazar su escenario estético completo. A la luz del innovador paradigma teórico-crítico de la poética posmoderna española, los libros de Aníbal Núñez pueden insertarse plenamente en el panorama creador de su generación, sin menoscabo de las peculiaridades que singularizan su escritura poética

Claves temáticas de la poesía posmoderna española

Spanish postmodern poetry presents some thematic keys that support its stylistic diversity; it is a question of metapoetry, indeterminacy, poetic kenophilia and resemanticizing the topic of death. Although herein they are analyzed separately, in their intersection, such mechanisms generate the creative focal points of the so-called 68 Generation.La poesía posmoderna española presenta unas claves temáticas sobre los que sustenta su diversidad estilística; se trata de la metapoesía, la indeterminación, la kenofilia poética y la resemantización del tópico muerte. Aunque aquí se analizan por separado, tales mecanismos generan en su intersección los ejes creadores de la denominada generación del 68

Procedimientos retóricos de la poesía posmoderna española

La poesía posmoderna española, la que irrumpe con la denominada Generación del 68, presenta procedimientos retóricos comunes sobre los que sustenta su gran diversidad estilística. Se trata de la metapoesía, la indeterminación, la kenofilia poética y la resemantización del tópico muerte. Aunque aquí se analizan por separado, tales mecanismos retóricos generan en su intersección los ejes creadores de la lírica posmoderna española. Palabras clave: Poesía posmoderna española, generación del 68, metapoesía, indeterminación, tópico muerte.   The Spanish postmodern poetry, which rushes into called 68´s Generation, presents some rethoric common methods about which a great stylistic diversity supports. It is a question of the metapoetry, the poetics of indeterminacy, the poetic kenofilia and the resemantization of death topic. Although here we analyse them separately, such rethoric mechanisms generate in their intersection the creative focal points of the Spanish postmodern poetry. Key words: Spanish postmodern poetry, 68´s generation, metapoetry, indeterminancy, death topic

Salt stress alleviation in citrus plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida and Novosphingobium sp.

Key message This work reveals the protective role of two rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas putida and Novosphingobium sp., on citrus plants subjected to salt stress conditions. Abstract Detrimental salt stress effects on crops are likely to increase due to climate change reducing the quality of irrigation water. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can mitigate stress-induced damage in plants cultivated under high salinity conditions. In this work, Citrus macrophylla (alemow) plants inoculated with the rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida KT2440 or Novosphingobium sp. HR1a were subjected to salt stress for 30 days. Results showed that in absence of salt stress, Novosphingobium sp. HR1a induced a decrease of transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). Both rhizobacteria reduced salt stress-induced damage. Levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) were lower in inoculated plants under salt stress conditions. Similarly, under stress conditions maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in inoculated plants decreased to a lower extent than in non-inoculated ones. In stressed plants, Novosphingobium sp. HR1a also induced leaf accumulation of 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) and a delay in the decrease of quantum yield (ΦPSII). P. putida KT2440 inhibited root chloride and proline accumulation in response to salt stress. Although both bacterial species had beneficial effects on salt-stressed citrus plants, Novosphingobium sp. HR1a induced a better plant performance. Therefore, both strains could be candidates to be used as PGPRs in programs of inoculation for citrus protection against salt stress

Root exudates from citrus plants subjected to abiotic stress conditions have a positive effect on rhizobacteria

Plants are constantly releasing root exudates to the rhizosphere. These compounds are responsible for different (positive or negative) interactions with other organisms, including plants, fungi or bacteria. In this work, the effect of root exudates obtained from in vitro cultured citrus plants on two rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and Novosphingobium sp. HR1a) was evaluated. Root exudates were obtained from two citrus genotypes differing in their sensitivity to salt and heat stress and differentially affected the growth of both rhizobacteria. Root exudates from salt-stressed plants of C. macrophylla (salt tolerant) induced an increase in bacterial growth higher than that obtained from Carrizo citrange exudates (salt sensitive). Root exudates from heat-stressed plants also had a positive effect on bacterial growth, which was more evident in the heat-sensitive C. macrophylla. These results reveal that the growth of these rhizobacteria can be modulated through citrus root exudates and can change depending on both the stress conditions as well as the genotype. Biosensors P. putida KT2442 (pMIS5) and Novosphingobium sp. HR1a (pPAH) were used to test the presence of proline and salicylates in root exudates by measuring β-galactosidase activity. This activity increased in the presence of root exudates obtained from stressed plants to a higher extent in the case of exudates obtained from the genotype resistant to each particular stress, indicating that those root exudates contain larger quantities of proline and salicylates, as it has been described previously. Our data reveals that both P. putida KT2442 (pMIS5) and Novosphingobium sp. HR1a (pPAH), could be used as biosensors of plant stress

Identification and expression of the Cucurbita WRKY transcription factors in response to water deficit and salt stress

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) have been reported to play important roles in plant responses to various stress conditions. Although several studies on the genomic organization of the WRKY gene family in various species have been reported, the information related to the genus Cucurbita is scarce, and null in the case of Cucurbita pepo. The present study aimed to examine the response of Cucurbita pepo to water deficit and salt stress. Additionally, WRKY gene family has been identified and characterized in this species. Shoot growth was negatively affected by both adverse situations. Similarly, both salt and water stress conditions reduced transpiration and stomatal conductance in C. pepo plants. However, the quantum efficiency of PSII decreased only in those plants exposed to salt stress. The increase in proline concentration recorded in C. pepo plants subjected to salt or drought stress point out the important role of this amino acid for plant tolerance to both stress conditions. Based on the genome sequence, 95 CmWRKY genes were found and classified into three main groups according to their orthologues in Arabidopsis. Among these, 24 and 14 CmWRKY genes were responsive to water and salt stresses, respectively. Three water stress-responsive genes were upregulated under the adverse condition. The expression of six CmWRKY genes was induced by NaCl treatment. Therefore, a total of nine up-regulated genes related to both stresses were identified, suggesting their putative involvement in the plant response to water deficit and salt stress

Root Involvement in Plant Responses to Adverse Environmental Conditions

limate change is altering the environment in which plants grow and survive. An increase in worldwide Earth surface temperatures has been already observed, together with an increase in the intensity of other abiotic stress conditions such as water deficit, high salinity, heavy metal intoxication, etc., generating harmful conditions that destabilize agricultural systems. Stress conditions deeply affect physiological, metabolic and morphological traits of plant roots, essential organs for plant survival as they provide physical anchorage to the soil, water and nutrient uptake, mechanisms for stress avoidance, specific signals to the aerial part and to the biome in the soil, etc. However, most of the work performed until now has been mainly focused on aerial organs and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the effects of different abiotic stress conditions on root molecular and physiological responses. First, we revise the methods used to study these responses (omics and phenotyping techniques). Then, we will outline how environmental stress conditions trigger various signals in roots for allowing plant cells to sense and activate the adaptative responses. Later, we discuss on some of the main regulatory mechanisms controlling root adaptation to stress conditions, the interplay between hormonal regulatory pathways and the global changes on gene expression and protein homeostasis. We will present recent advances on how the root system integrates all these signals to generate different physiological responses, including changes in morphology, long distance signaling and root exudation. Finally, we will discuss the new prospects and challenges in this field