Some aspects of the study of the ethnic picture of the world

В статье рассматривается сущность и структура картины мира, особое внимание уделяется этнической картине мира, факторам и источникам ее формирования.The article considers the essence and structure of the picture of the world, focusing on ethnic picture of the world, factors and sources of its formation

Architecture of composite multilayer semiconductor nanostructures

The problem of ensuring the operational parameters of composite multilayer semiconductor nanoscale structures at the design technology stages is solved. A mathematical model based on the physics of processes occurring in the structure during operation is developed. The problem is solved for the resonant-tunnelling AlGaAs nanoheterostructures

New V-shaped 2,4-di(hetero)arylpyrimidine push-pull systems: Synthesis, solvatochromism and sensitivity towards nitroaromatic compounds

Novel D–π–A–π–D type pyrimidine-based dyes, possessing (hetero)aryl electron-donating groups in 2,4-positions were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were investigated by using absorption and emission spectral analyses. All dyes proved to exhibit a strong emission solvatochromism with quantum yields up to 0.96, depending on their molecular structure and solvent polarity. The compounds have been established to undergo a reversible protonation, directed at nitrogen atoms of the pyrimidine ring, and these phenomena are associated with dramatic color changes. In addition, fluorophores 5a-d show a high sensitive response for nitroaromatic traces in solutions or real-time detection of their vapors in air. These findings indicate that the compounds obtained can be regarded as excellent fluorophores for fluorescent material applications. © 2018 Elsevier LtdRussian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 17-03-00011-AMinistry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 4.6759.2017/BCThis work (synthetic part and sensory properties) was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Research Project No. 17-03-00011-A ). N.I. Makarova, E.V.V. and A.V.M. would like to acknowledge financial support for the absorption and fluorescence studies from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the State Assignment for Research (project No. 4.6759.2017/BC ). The authors are grateful to Mr. Grigory A. Kim for carrying out the DFT calculations which were performed by using « Uran » supercomputer of the Institute of mathematic and mechanics of the Ural Brach of the Russian Academy of Sciences. NMR experiments were carried out by using equipment of the Center for Joint Use “Spectroscopy and Analysis of Organic Compounds” at the Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. VNC is grateful to the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project № 0398-2018-0054 )

Динамика выживаемости больных муковисцидозом в Москве и Московской области за периоды 1992–2001 и 2002–2011 гг.

Summary. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in survival of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in Moscow and Moscow region and to determine factors influencing the survival. We analyzed outpatient medical records of patients followed-up in Moscow CF centers by the 1st of January, 2002, and by the 1st of January, 2012.Median survival for 2002–2012 was 37.2 years; this was significantly higher that the similar value for the previous decade (25.9 years). A total number of CF patients was more than doubled due to increased survival and improved diagnosis of the disease.Improved survival was due to improved work of CF centers and to implementation of effective medications, primarily dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) and some inhaled and systemic antibiotics and macrolides in subinhibitory concentrations, in routine clinical practice. Gram-negative infection, especially Burkholderia cepacia, was shown to decrease survival in CF patients in contrary to "mild" mutations that are better prognostic factors.Резюме. Целью работы явилось определение динамики числа и выживаемости больных муковисцидозом (МВ) в Москве и Московской области, а также определение факторов, влияющих на выживаемость. Были проанализированы амбулаторные карты больных, состоящих на учете в московских центрах муковисцидоза на 01.01.2002 и 01.01.2012.Медиана выживаемости больных за периоды 2002–2011 гг. составила 37,2 года, что достоверно выше, чем аналогичный показатель за предыдущее 10-летие – 25,9 года. Отмечено более чем 2-кратное увеличение общего количества больных, обусловленное ростом выживаемости и улучшением диагностики.Увеличение выживаемости обусловлено оптимизацией работы центров МВ и началом рутинного применения различных эффективных медикаментозных препаратов, прежде всего дорназы альфа (Пульмозим), а также некоторых ингаляционных и системных антибиотиков, макролидов в субингибирующих концентрациях. Показано, что инфицирование грамотрицательной инфекцией, особенно Burkholderia cepacia, снижает выживаемость пациентов с МВ, а наличие "мягкого" генотипа является более благоприятным прогностическим фактором

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a dear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation