425 research outputs found
Pilot Mixer Cooling Hole Arrangement for Fuel Nozzle of a Gas Turbine Engine
A mixer assembly for a gas turbine engine is provided, including a main mixer, and a pilot mixer having an annular housing. The pilot mixer can further include features to cool portions of the annular housing, such as a radial edge of the annular housing
Angled Radial Fuel/Air Delivery System for Combustor
A combustor is provided. The combustor may comprise an axial fuel delivery system, and a radial fuel delivery system aft of the axial fuel delivery system. The radial fuel delivery system may be configured to direct fuel at least partially towards the axial fuel delivery system. A radial fuel delivery system is also provided. The system may comprise a combustor including a combustor liner, a mixer coupled to the combustor liner, and a nozzle disposed within the mixer, wherein the mixer and the nozzle are configured to direct fuel in a direction at least partially forward
Shallow decay phase of GRB X-ray afterglows from relativistic wind bubbles
The postburst object of a GRB is likely to be a highly magnetized, rapidly
rotating compact object (e.g., a millisecond magnetar), which could produce an
ultrarelativistic electron-positron-pair wind. The interaction of such a wind
with an outwardly expanding fireball ejected during the burst leads to a
relativistic wind bubble (RWB). We numerically calculate the dynamics and
radiative properties of RWBs and use this model to explain the shallow decay
phase of the early X-ray afterglows observed by Swift. We find that RWBs can
fall into two types: forward-shock-dominated and reverse-shock-dominated
bubbles. Their radiation during a period of seconds is
dominated by the shocked medium and the shocked wind, respectively, based on
different magnetic energy fractions of the shocked materials. For both types,
the resulting light curves always have a shallow decay phase. In addition, we
provide an example fit to the X-ray afterglows of GRB 060813 and GRB 060814 and
show that they could be produced by forward-shock-dominated and
reverse-shock-dominated bubbles, respectively. This implies that, for some
early afterglows (e.g., GRB 060814), the long-lasting reverse shock emission is
strong enough to explain their shallow decay phase.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for Publication in A&
Combustor Assembly for a Turbine Engine
A combustor assembly includes a first wall, a second wall, a bulkhead and a plurality of fuel injectors. The bulkhead forms a combustion chamber with the first and the second walls. The fuel injectors are configured with the first wall in a unique and/or a fluctuating pattern
Tail emission from a ring-like jet: its application to shallow decays of early afterglows and to GRB 050709
Similar to the pulsar, the magnetic axis and the spin axis of the gamma-ray
burst source may not lie on the same line. This may cause a ring-like jet due
to collimation of the precessing magnetic axis. We analyze the tail emission
from such a jet, and find that it has a shallow decay phase with temporal index
equal to -1/2 if the Lorentz factor of the ejecta is not very high. This phase
is consistent with the shallow decay phase of some early X-ray afterglow
detected by {\it{swift}}. The ring-like jet has a tail cusp with sharp rising
and very sharp decay. This effect can provide an explanation for the
re-brightening and sharp decay of the X-ray afterglow of GRB 050709.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Accepted by ChJA
All-optical retrieval of the global phase for two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy
A combination of spatial interference patterns and spectral interferometry
are used to find the global phase for non-collinear two-dimensional
Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectra. Results are compared with those using the
spectrally resolved transient absorption (STRA) method to find the global phase
when excitation is with co-linear polarization. Additionally cross-linear
polarized 2DFT spectra are correctly phased using the all-optical technique,
where the SRTA is not applicable.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, journal publicatio
Efficiency Crisis of Swift Gamma-Ray Bursts with Shallow X-ray Afterglows: Prior Activity or Time-Dependent Microphysics?
Most X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed by the Swift
satellite have a shallow decay phase t^{-1/2} in the first few hours. This is
not predicted by the standard afterglow model and needs an explanation. We
discuss that the shallow decay requires an unreasonably high gamma-ray
efficiency, >75-90%, within current models, which is difficult to produce by
internal shocks. Such a crisis may be avoided if a weak relativistic explosion
occurs ~10^3-10^6 s prior to the main burst or if the microphysical parameter
of the electron energy increases during the shallow decay, \epsilon_e ~
t^{1/2}. The former explanation predicts a very long precursor, while both
prefer dim optical flashes from the reverse shock, as was recently reported. We
also calculate the multi-wavelength afterglows and compare them with
observations. No optical break at the end of the shallow X-ray decay indicates
a preference for the time-dependent microphysics model with additionally
decaying magnetic fields, \epsilon_B ~ t^{-0.6}.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in A&
Listen to Nice
In describing Humphrey Jennings’ wartime documentary propaganda film, 'Listen to Britain' (1942), a film with an overtly poetic sensibility and dominantly musical soundtrack, John Corner asserts that ‘through listening to
Britain, we are enabled to properly look at it'. This idea of sound leading our attention to the images has underpinned much of the collaborative
work between composer and sound designer, Geoffrey Cox, and documentary filmmaker, Keith Marley. It is in this context that the article will analyse an extract of A Film About Nice (Marley and Cox 2010), a contemporary
re-imagining of Jean Vigo’s silent documentary, 'A propos de Nice' (1930). Reference will be made throughout to the historical context, and the filmic and theoretical influences that have informed the way music and creative sound design have been used to place emphasis on hearing a place, as much as seeing it
The diverse broad-band light-curves of Swift GRBs reproduced with the cannonball model
Two radiation mechanisms, inverse Compton scattering (ICS) and synchrotron
radiation (SR), suffice within the cannonball (CB) model of long gamma ray
bursts (LGRBs) and X-ray flashes (XRFs) to provide a very simple and accurate
description of their observed prompt emission and afterglows. Simple as they
are, the two mechanisms and the burst environment generate the rich structure
of the light curves at all frequencies and times. This is demonstrated for 33
selected Swift LGRBs and XRFs, which are well sampled from early until late
time and faithfully represent the entire diversity of the broad-band light
curves of Swift LGRBs and XRFs. Their prompt gamma-ray and X-ray emission is
dominated by ICS of `glory' light. During their fast decline phase, ICS is
taken over by SR, which dominates their broad-band afterglow. The pulse shape
and spectral evolution of the gamma-ray peaks and the early-time X-ray flares,
and even the delayed optical `humps' in XRFs, are correctly predicted. The
`canonical' and non-canonical X-ray light curves and the chromatic behaviour of
the broad-band afterglows are well reproduced. In particular, in canonical
X-ray light curves, the initial fast decline and rapid softening of the prompt
emission, the transition to the plateau phase, the subsequent gradual
steepening of the plateau to an asymptotic power-law decay, and the transition
from chromatic to achromatic behaviour of the light curves agrees well with
those predicted by the CB model. The Swift early-time data on XRF 060218 are
inconsistent with a black-body emission from a shock break-out through a
stellar envelope. Instead, they are well described by ICS of glory light by a
jet breaking out from SN2006aj.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 63 pages, 10
(multiple) figure
Estimating Z-ring radius and contraction in dividing Escherichia coli
We present a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching-based method for monitoring the progression of septal Z-ring contraction in dividing Escherichia coli cells. In a large number of cells undergoing division, we irreversibly bleached cytosolically expressed Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein on one side of the septal invagination and followed the fluorescence relaxation on both sides of the septum. Since the relaxation time depends on the cross-sectional area of the septum, it can be used to determine the septal radius r. Assuming that the fraction of the observed cells with r-values in a given interval reflects the duration of that interval in the division process we could derive an approximate time-course for the contraction event, as a population average. By applying the method repeatedly on individual cells, the contraction process was also followed in real time. On a population average level, our data are best described by a linear contraction process in time. However, on the single cell level the contraction processes display a complex behaviour, with varying levels of activity. The proposed approach provides a simple yet versatile method for studying Z-ring contraction in vivo, and will help to elucidate its underlying mechanisms
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