Mineral profile and resilience to low water provision of white and black chickpea varieties (Cicer arietinum)

Legumes are of great importance for agriculture and the environment due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, providing important amounts of minerals, and vitamins, being are an excellent option for a balanced diet (Geraldo et al., 2022). Among the most consumed legumes worldwide, chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) have gained evidence in these past decades, through increased individual production, intercropping with other crops, and formulation of food products, thus improving the resilience of agroecosystems at lower environmental costs (Saget et al., 2020). However, the exploitation of traditional chickpea varieties, such as the black chickpea, has been overlooked, and the recovery of under-exploited traditional varieties could contribute to foster biodiversity, promote environmental sustainability and diversify diets. However, current knowledge on the nutritional profile of commercial and traditional chickpea varieties and their resilience to environmental stresses, such as water scarcity, is very limited, being the focus of this work.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Differential responses of Kabuli and Desi chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) to low water provision and their mineral profiling

Legume grains are of great importance for agriculture and the environment due to their ability to symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen and provide protein, minerals, vitamins, and other bioactive nutrients (Geraldo et al., 2022). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the most consumed legumes worldwide and it has gained even more importance in recent decades. Production levels have increased, their incorporation as intercrops has been promoted, and they have been used in the formulation of novel food products (Saget et al., 2020). Nonetheless, the exploitation of traditional chickpea varieties, such as the Desi type (black coloured chickpea), has been overlooked, and the recovery of under-exploited traditional varieties could contribute to fostering biodiversity, and promoting environmental sustainability and diversifying diets. However, current knowledge on the nutritional profile of commercial and traditional chickpea varieties and their resilience degree to environmental stresses, such as water scarcity, is limited, thus being the focus of this work.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Growth and physiological responses of young plants of Dendrocalamus asper (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) under water stress / Crescimento e respostas fisiológicas de plantas jovens de Dendrocalamus asper (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) submetidas a estresse hídrico

Understanding how water stress impacts the growth and physiology of young bamboo plants is important to define management strategies and successful field establishment of the species. In this study, young plants of Dendrocalamus asper were evaluated to determine the effects of water availability in the initial phase of growth and the physiological behavior of the species under these conditions. Four water deficit conditions (0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of field capacity) were applied in a completely randomized design. The plants were grown in pots under a tunnel-type greenhouse environment. At 7 and 30 days of imposition of treatments, growth characteristics and gas exchange were evaluated, and at 30 days, Chl a fluorescence, pigment concentration and dry mass were analyzed. Water stress affected the growth and gas exchange of young D. asper plants. Under lower water availability (25%), the plants had a significant reduction in the dry mass of leaves and stems at 30 days and, interestingly, a greater number of shoots was observed. Although photosynthetic efficiency did not differ statistically, D. asper plants have reduced stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) under higher water restriction (50% and 25%), and higher PN (net photosynthesis) under 50% of the field capacity. The behavior observed in young plants of D. asper shows tolerance to the level and period of imposed water stress. In addition, shoot emission seems to be the main survival strategy when cultivated under 25% of water availability. This study provides an initial analysis of the impact of water deficit on clonal plantlets of Dendrocalamus asper, and further research is needed to identify the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of this species under greater stress period

Sistemas de cultivo in vitro e aclimatização de Aechmea setigera Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (Bromeliaceae)

Aechmea setigera is an endemic bromeliad from Amazon with ornamental potential. Bromeliads have been propagated by tissue culture. The consistency of the culture medium in vitro multiplication influences the rate of propagation. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate different culture systems with the use of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on in vitro propagation and the effect of different substrates in acclimatization of plantlets Aechmea setigera. In vitro germinated seedlings were inoculated in MS medium in liquid stationary, semisolid, double-phase systems, plus 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in different concentrations (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8 and 17.7 μM). The ex vitro rooting and acclimatization were performed on substrate Plantmax Forest ®, vermiculite and sawdust eucalyptus. After three successive subcultures, the double-phase system showed a higher number of regenerated shoots in comparison to other systems. Acclimatization using the combination of commercial substrate Plantmax Forest ® and vermiculite favored the growth of micropropagated plants. The use of a culture medium double-phase without growth regulator, and the rooting in acclimatization are feasible strategy for the micropropagation of A. setigera.Aechmea setigera é uma bromélia endêmica da Amazônia com potencial ornamental. As bromélias têm sido propagadas por cultura de tecidos. A consistência do meio de cultura na multiplicação in vitro influencia nas taxas de propagação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes sistemas de cultivo com o uso de 6-benzilaminopurina na propagação in vitro e o efeito de diferentes substratos na aclimatização de mudas de Aechmea setigera. Plântulas germinadas in vitro foram inoculadas em meio de cultura MS nos sistemas semissólido, dupla-fase, e líquido estacionário, acrescidos de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em diferentes concentrações (0; 2,2; 4,4; 8,8 e 17,7 μM). O enraizamento ex vitro e a aclimatização foram realizados em substrato comercial Plantmax Florestal®, vermiculita e pó de serra de eucalipto. Após três subcultivos sucessivos, o sistema dupla-fase apresentou maior número de brotos regenerados em comparação ao sistema semissólido e líquido estacionário. A aclimatização com o uso da combinação de substrato comercial Plantmax Florestal® e vermiculita favoreceu o crescimento das plantas micropropagadas. A utilização de meio de cultura dupla-fase isento de regulador de crescimento e o enraizamento na aclimatização são viáveis para a micropropagação de A. setigera

COMMUNITY OF CULTIVABLE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI OF CASSAVA Manihot esculenta CRANTZ

The objective of this work was to characterize the community of endophytic fungi of cassava Manihot esculenta cultivated in the state of Acre, Brazil. For that, M. esculenta root, stem and leaf were collected, washed and disinfected by immersion in 70% ethanol (1 min), sodium hypochlorite 2% (5 min), 70% alcohol (30 sec) and washing in water sterile distilled (1 min) three times. The samples were fragmented and inoculated in BDA and Oat culture media and incubated at 28 º C for 30 days. The isolated fungi were characterized by morphology and grouped into morphospecies. There was isolated a total of 39 endophytic fungi M. esculenta, 19 (48.7%) of stem 13 (33.3%) of leaf and 7 (18%) root. On culture medium, 23 (59%) fungi were isolated in BDA medium and 16 (41%) in Oat medium. Eight fungal genera were identified, Penicillium and Phomopsis the most frequent, with 30.8% relative frequency each, and Fusarium (10.2%) Aspergillus (5.1%), Guignardia (5.1%), Acremonium (2.6%), Colletotrichum (2.6%), Phoma (2.63%), and unidentified (10.2%). M. esculenta showed dominance by fungi of the genera Penicillium and Phomopsis. This is the first study report of the endophytic fungi community of Manihot esculenta

MICROPROPAGAÇÃO DE Aechmea setigera Mart. ex Schult. & Schult. f.: UMA BROMÉLIA ENDÊMICA DA AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL

Bromeliads in the Amazon are generally unfamiliar. Aechmea setigera is endemic bromeliad from Amazon with ornamental potential. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological responses under the effect of growth regulators on the steps of micropropagation as well as establish a protocol as support for conservation. Seedlings germinated and grown in vitro were inoculated in MS liquid stationary culture, plus 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in different concentrations (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8 and 17.6 μM). For rooting, microshoots were transferred to MS medium with 0, 2.4, 4.9, 9.8 μM indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA). After five subcultures, the use of 17.6 μM BAP showed the highest number and shorter length of adventitious shoots. The starch content was lower in shoots induced with lower concentrations of BAP. The use of indole butyric acid at concentrations 4.9 and 9.8 μM promotes the highest number of regenerated adventitious roots. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized (99 %) using commercial substrate in environment with 50% shading. A. setigera micropropagation is a viable strategy for plantlets production and species conservation.Keywords: Bromeliaceae; in vitro propagation; starch contents; Western Amazon.As bromélias da Amazônia são em geral pouco conhecidas. Aechmea setigera é uma bromélia endêmica da Amazônia com potencial ornamental. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as respostas fisiológicas sob efeito de reguladores de crescimento nas etapas da micropropagação, bem como, estabelecer um protocolo como subsídio para a conservação. Plântulas germinadas e desenvolvidas in vitro foram inoculadas em meio de cultura MS líquidas estacionário acrescidas de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em diferentes concentrações (0; 2,2; 4,4; 8,8 e 17,6 μM). Para o enraizamento, microbrotos foram transferidos para meio de cultura MS com 0; 2,4; 4,9; 9,8µM de ácido indolacético (AIA) e ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Após cinco subcultivos, o uso de 17,6 μM de BAP apresentou o maior número e o menor comprimento de brotações adventícias. Os teores de amido foram menores nos brotos induzidos com as menores concentrações de BAP. O uso de ácido indolbutírico nas concentrações de 4,9 e 9,8 μM promoveram o maior número de raízes adventícias regeneradas. Plantas jovens regeneradas foram aclimatizadas (99 %) utilizando substrato comercial em ambiente com 50 % de sombreamento. A micropropagação de A. setigera é uma estratégia viável para a produção de mudas e a conservação da espécie.Palavras-chave: Bromeliaceae, propagação in vitro, teores de amido, Amazônia Ocidental

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost