Antropología Física: Aportaciones fundamentales y proyecciones como ciencia interdisciplinar

La Antropología Física en tanto que aproximación integradora a la comprensión de nuestra especie, incorporando dimensiones evolutivas, ecológicas y bioculturales, ha realizado aportaciones fundamentales al conocimiento de aspectos clave de nuestra biología, orígenes, evolución y variación, a través del tiempo y el espacio, mediante el estudio de poblaciones humanas pasadas y presentes. Los distintos autores, escuelas y corrientes en la investigación antropológica, durante más de 150 años de historia de la disciplina, han acumulado hechos, conceptos y teorías que representan una importante contribución a la ciencia moderna, y a la demanda social de un mejor conocimiento de nuestra realidad humana. Especialmente significativas han sido las aportaciones a la ciencia, y a la sociedad en general, de los avances hacía una mejor comprensión de temas con importantes implicaciones sociales y de interés general, tal como la naturaleza de la evolución, variación y diversidad humana, aclarando los términos adecuados para el uso de polémicos conceptos y concepciones sobre los orígenes y la variabilidad humana; o la acumulación de amplia información descriptiva en distintas poblaciones sobre procesos clave de la biología humana, tales como el crecimiento, la maduración sexual, la reproducción y fertilidad, o la nutrición y alimentación humana, con importantes aplicaciones en el ámbito de la salud públic

Biological well-being during the “economic miracle” in Spain: Height, weight and body mass index of conscripts in the city of Madrid, 1955–1974

Typifying historical populations using anthropometric indicators such as height, BMI and weight allows for an analysis of the prevalence of obesity and malnutrition. This study evaluates secular changes in height, weight and body mass for men cohorts at 21 years old, born between 1934 and 1954 who were called up between 1955 and 1974, in the city of Madrid, Spain. In this study we prove the hypothesis that anthropometric variables increase thanks to improvement in diet and significant investments in hygiene and health infrastructure during the 1960s. The results of our analysis show a positive secular change in the trends for height (an increase of 4.67 cm), weight (6.400 kg) and BMI (0.90 Kg/m2 ), the result of a recovery in standards of living following the war and the autarchy of the 1940s. We also observed a slight trend towards obesity and a reduction in underweight categories at the end of the period is also observed. In conclusion, the secular trends of anthropometric variables in the city of Madrid reflect the recovery of living standards after the deterioration of the nutritional status suffered during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the deprivation of the autarchic perio

Hourly Patterns of Births at Casa de Maternidad in Madrid (1887-1914)

27 p.El grupo de primates al que pertenece nuestra especie muestra mayoritariamente un ciclo de actividad diurno, de tal manera que los partos se inician de noche y se completan de madrugada o en las primeras horas de la mañana. La preservación de un parto nocturno debió de ser muy importante para la supervivencia de nuestros ancestros a partir de Homo erectus, hace 1,8 millones de años, dado que la intensa cerebralización fetal que protagonizó esta especie complicó paulatinamente el parto al combinarse con una pelvis más estrecha, consecuen-cia de la adopción del bipedalismo millones de años atrás. Los estudios más antiguos sobre el patrón horario del parto se limitan a datos hospitalarios de las décadas de 1930 y 1940, antes de la medicalización extensiva del parto institucionalizado, y describen un patrón predominantemente nocturno. En el presente trabajo se analiza la distri-bución horaria del parto en dos series muy anteriores, de finales del siglo XIX y primera década del XX, un total de 21 340 nacimientos en 27 años. Corresponden a la Casa de Maternidad de Madrid, una institución benéfica inicial-mente vinculada a la Inclusa de la capital, pero que fue paulatinamente convirtiéndose, a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XX, en la principal maternidad de la ciudad. Los resultados confirman la preservación de un patrón circadiano del parto ancestral, de inicio predominantemente nocturno y finalización en la madrugada y primeras horas de la mañanaThe group of primates to which our species belongs is generally active during the daytime, so deliveries start during the night and conclude in the early hours of the morning. Preserving a night-time delivery must have been very important for the survival of our ancestors from Homo erectus, 1.8 million years ago, onwards, as the intense foetal encephalization experienced by this species gradually complicated delivery, as it combined with a narrower pelvis, a consequence of bipedalism, adopted millions of years before. The oldest research into delivery time patterns is limited to hospital records from the 1930s and 1940s, before extensive medicalisation of delivery became institutionalised, and it describes a generally nocturnal pattern. The present study analyses time patterns of deliveries in two much earlier populations, from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a total of 21,340 births in 27 years. They correspond to the Casa de la Maternidad, a charity institution initially linked to the foundling hospital in the capital, but which gradually became —during the first half of the 20th century— the main maternity hospital in the city. The results confirm the preservation of an ancestral circadian pattern of delivery, predominantly nocturnal and in the early hours of the morningAustrian Science Fund (FWF

Hypocellularity in the Murine Model for Down Syndrome Ts65Dn Is Not Affected by Adult Neurogenesis.

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the chromosome 21 and it is the most common aneuploidy producing intellectual disability. Neural mechanisms underlying this alteration may include defects in the formation of neuronal networks, information processing and brain plasticity. The murine model for DS, Ts65Dn, presents reduced adult neurogenesis. This reduction has been suggested to underlie the hypocellularity of the hippocampus as well as the deficit in olfactory learning in the Ts65Dn mice. Similar alterations have also been observed in individuals with DS. To determine whether the impairment in adult neurogenesis is, in fact, responsible for the hypocellularity in the hippocampus and physiology of the olfactory bulb, we have analyzed cell proliferation and neuronal maturation in the two major adult neurogenic niches in the Ts656Dn mice: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we carried out a study to determine the survival rate and phenotypic fate of newly generated cells in both regions, injecting 5′BrdU and sacrificing the mice 21 days later, and analyzing the number and phenotype of the remaining 5′BrdU-positive cells. We observed a reduction in the number of proliferating (Ki67 positive) cells and immature (doublecortin positive) neurons in the subgranular and SVZ of Ts65Dn mice, but we did not observe changes in the number of surviving cells or in their phenotype. These data correlated with a lower number of apoptotic cells (cleaved caspase 3 positive) in Ts65Dn. We conclude that although adult Ts65Dn mice have a lower number of proliferating cells, it is compensated by a lower level of cell death. This higher survival rate in Ts65Dn produces a final number of mature cells similar to controls. Therefore, the reduction of adult neurogenesis cannot be held responsible for the neuronal hypocellularity in the hippocampus or for the olfactory learning deficit of Ts65Dn mic

Factors associated with the clinical outcome of patients with relapsed/refractory CD19+acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with ARI-0001 CART19-cell therapy

The prognosis of patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains poor, particularly for those relapsing after allogeneic hema-topoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). Novel agents such as inotuzumab ozogamicin or blinatumomab achieve increased response rates, but these are generally transient unless followed by alloHCT. Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) targeting CD19 have shown promising results in R/R ALL, and one of these products (tisagenlecleucel) has been approved for the treatment of patients with R/R ALL up to 25 years of age

Is the economic crisis affecting birth outcome in Spain? Evaluation of temporal trend in underweight at birth (2003–2012)

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Annals of Human Biology on 13th January 2016, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.3109/03014460.2015.1131847.Background: There is growing evidence of the impact of the current European economic crisis on health. In Spain, since 2008, there have been increasing levels of impoverishment and inequality, and important cuts in social services. Aim: The objective is to evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on underweight at birth in Spain. Method: Trends in underweight at birth were examined between 2003 and 2012. Underweight at birth is defined as a singleton, term neonatal weight lesser than -2 SD from the median weight at birth for each sex estimated by the WHO Standard Growth Reference. Using data from the Statistical Bulletin of Childbirth, 2 933 485 live births born to Spanish mothers have been analysed. Descriptive analysis, seasonal decomposition analysis and crude and adjusted logistic regression including individual maternal and foetal variables as well as exogenous economic indicators have been performed. Results and conclusions: Results demonstrate a significant increase in the prevalence of underweight at birth from 2008. All maternal-foetal categories were affected, including those showing the lowest prevalence before the crisis. In the full adjusted logistic regression, year-on-year GDP per capita remains predictive on underweight at birth risk. Previous trends in maternal socio-demographic profiles and a direct impact of the crisis are discussed to explain the trends described

Real-world effectiveness of caplacizumab vs the standard of care in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy caused by anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies. Caplacizumab is approved for adults with an acute episode of iTTP in conjunction with plasma exchange (PEX) and immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the safety and efficacy of caplacizumab vs the standard of care and assess the effect of the concomitant use of rituximab. A retrospective study from the Spanish TTP Registry of patients treated with caplacizumab vs those who did not receive it was conducted. A total of 155 patients with iTTP (77 caplacizumab, 78 no caplacizumab) were included. Patients initially treated with caplacizumab had fewer exacerbations (4.5% vs 20.5%; P <.05) and less refractoriness (4.5% vs 14.1%; P <.05) than those who were not treated. Time to clinical response was shorter when caplacizumab was used as initial treatment vs caplacizumab used after refractoriness or exacerbation. The multivariate analysis showed that its use in the first 3 days after PEX was associated with a lower number of PEX (odds ratio, 7.5; CI, 2.3-12.7; P <.05) and days of hospitalization (odds ratio, 11.2; CI, 5.6-16.9; P <.001) compared with standard therapy. There was no difference in time to clinical remission in patients treated with caplacizumab compared with the use of rituximab. No severe adverse event was described in the caplacizumab group. In summary, caplacizumab reduced exacerbations and refractoriness compared with standard of care regimens. When administered within the first 3 days after PEX, it also provided a faster clinical response, reducing hospitalization time and the need for PEX

Real-world effectiveness of caplacizumab vs the standard of care in immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy caused by anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies. Caplacizumab is approved for adults with an acute episode of iTTP in conjunction with plasma exchange (PEX) and immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the safety and efficacy of caplacizumab vs the standard of care and assess the effect of the concomitant use of rituximab. A retrospective study from the Spanish TTP Registry of patients treated with caplacizumab vs those who did not receive it was conducted. A total of 155 patients with iTTP (77 caplacizumab, 78 no caplacizumab) were included. Patients initially treated with caplacizumab had fewer exacerbations (4.5% vs 20.5%; P < .05) and less refractoriness (4.5% vs 14.1%; P < .05) than those who were not treated. Time to clinical response was shorter when caplacizumab was used as initial treatment vs caplacizumab used after refractoriness or exacerbation. The multivariate analysis showed that its use in the first 3 days after PEX was associated with a lower number of PEX (odds ratio, 7.5; CI, 2.3-12.7; P < .05) and days of hospitalization (odds ratio, 11.2; CI, 5.6-16.9; P < .001) compared with standard therapy. There was no difference in time to clinical remission in patients treated with caplacizumab compared with the use of rituximab. No severe adverse event was described in the caplacizumab group. In summary, caplacizumab reduced exacerbations and refractoriness compared with standard of care regimens. When administered within the first 3 days after PEX, it also provided a faster clinical response, reducing hospitalization time and the need for PEX

Marco activo de recursos de innovación docente: Madrid

Una guía de espacios e instituciones para actividades educativas complementarias en enseñanza secundaria y Formación Profesional