Growth parameters of pepper seedlings at sowing on different substrates

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos nos parâmetros de crescimento de plântulas de pimentão. Substratos estes oriundos de resíduo de pós-cultivo de cogumelo comestível, tais como: Agaricus sp. (Champignon) e Pleurotus sp. (Shimeji). As sementes de pimentão foram adquiridas da cultivar Dahra RX, do mesmo lote que foram semeadas em bandejas de 128 células previamente preenchidas com os substratos, avaliando as plantas aos 24 e 31 dias, provenientes do cultivo em diferentes substratos (T1: 100% substrato comercial; T2: 100% Pleurotus sp.; T3: 75% Pleurotus sp.+ 25% de solo; T4: 50% Pleurotus sp.+ 50% de solo; T5: 100% Agaricus sp.; T6: 75% de Agaricus sp.+ 25% de solo; T7: 50% de Agaricus sp. + 50 % de solo e T8: 100% de solo). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento como: área foliar; taxa de crescimento relativo; taxa de crescimento absoluto; taxa de crescimento relativo foliar; taxa de crescimento absoluto foliar; taxa de assimilação líquida; razão área foliar; taxa de crescimento da cultura e índice de área foliar. Conclui-se que a associação do substrato com a presença do cogumelo Agaricus sp. promoveu o maior desenvolvimento na cultura do pimentão em bandeja, em relação ao substrato comercial utilizado. Os parâmetros de crescimento área foliar; taxa de crescimento absoluto; taxa de crescimento relativo e absoluto foliar; taxa de crescimento da cultura e índice de área foliar, variaram de acordo com os substratos analisados, relacionado com o crescimento das mudas segundo as respostas fisiológicas as condições de cultivo.This study aimed to evaluate the use of different substrates on the parameters of growth of pepper seedling. Spent mushroom substrate- SMS- derived from Agaricus sp. (Champignon) and Pleurotus sp. (Shimeji). It were bought pepper seeds of Dahra RX cultivar of the same lot. Seeds were sown in trays prefilled with substrates and with 128 cells, evaluating the seedling at 24 and 31 days from sowing on different substrates (T1: 100 % commercial substrate, T2: 100% Pleurotus sp.; T3: 75% Pleurotus sp. + 25% soil, T4: 50% Pleurotus sp. + 50% soil, T5: 100% Agaricus sp.; T6: 75% Agaricus sp. + 25% soil, T7: 50% Agaricus sp. + 50% soil and, T8: 100% soil). The growth parameters such as leaf area; relative growth rate; absolute growth rate; leaf relative growth rate; leaf absolute growth rate; liquid assimilation rate; leaf area ratio; the growth rate of the culture, and leaf area index were evaluated. We conclude that the substrate combined with the SMS derived from Agaricus sp. promoted greatest development in pepper seedlings in the tray when compared with commercial substrate. The growth parameters leaf area; absolute growth rate; relative growth rate and leaf growth absolute; the growth rate of the crop, and leaf area index varied according to the analyzed substrates being connected with the growth of seedlings under the physiological responses growing conditions.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Growth parameters of pepper seedlings at sowing on different substrates

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos nos parâmetros de crescimento de plântulas de pimentão. Substratos estes oriundos de resíduo de pós-cultivo de cogumelo comestível, tais como: Agaricus sp. (Champignon) e Pleurotus sp. (Shimeji). As sementes de pimentão foram adquiridas da cultivar Dahra RX, do mesmo lote que foram semeadas em bandejas de 128 células previamente preenchidas com os substratos, avaliando as plantas aos 24 e 31 dias, provenientes do cultivo em diferentes substratos (T1: 100% substrato comercial; T2: 100% Pleurotus sp.; T3: 75% Pleurotus sp.+ 25% de solo; T4: 50% Pleurotus sp.+ 50% de solo; T5: 100% Agaricus sp.; T6: 75% de Agaricus sp.+ 25% de solo; T7: 50% de Agaricus sp. + 50 % de solo e T8: 100% de solo). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento como: área foliar; taxa de crescimento relativo; taxa de crescimento absoluto; taxa de crescimento relativo foliar; taxa de crescimento absoluto foliar; taxa de assimilação líquida; razão área foliar; taxa de crescimento da cultura e índice de área foliar. Conclui-se que a associação do substrato com a presença do cogumelo Agaricus sp. promoveu o maior desenvolvimento na cultura do pimentão em bandeja, em relação ao substrato comercial utilizado. Os parâmetros de crescimento área foliar; taxa de crescimento absoluto; taxa de crescimento relativo e absoluto foliar; taxa de crescimento da cultura e índice de área foliar, variaram de acordo com os substratos analisados, relacionado com o crescimento das mudas segundo as respostas fisiológicas as condições de cultivo.This study aimed to evaluate the use of different substrates on the parameters of growth of pepper seedling. Spent mushroom substrate- SMS- derived from Agaricus sp. (Champignon) and Pleurotus sp. (Shimeji). It were bought pepper seeds of Dahra RX cultivar of the same lot. Seeds were sown in trays prefilled with substrates and with 128 cells, evaluating the seedling at 24 and 31 days from sowing on different substrates (T1: 100 % commercial substrate, T2: 100% Pleurotus sp.; T3: 75% Pleurotus sp. + 25% soil, T4: 50% Pleurotus sp. + 50% soil, T5: 100% Agaricus sp.; T6: 75% Agaricus sp. + 25% soil, T7: 50% Agaricus sp. + 50% soil and, T8: 100% soil). The growth parameters such as leaf area; relative growth rate; absolute growth rate; leaf relative growth rate; leaf absolute growth rate; liquid assimilation rate; leaf area ratio; the growth rate of the culture, and leaf area index were evaluated. We conclude that the substrate combined with the SMS derived from Agaricus sp. promoted greatest development in pepper seedlings in the tray when compared with commercial substrate. The growth parameters leaf area; absolute growth rate; relative growth rate and leaf growth absolute; the growth rate of the crop, and leaf area index varied according to the analyzed substrates being connected with the growth of seedlings under the physiological responses growing conditions.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Growth parameters of pepper seedlings at sowing on different substrates

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos nos parâmetros de crescimento de plântulas de pimentão. Substratos estes oriundos de resíduo de pós-cultivo de cogumelo comestível, tais como: Agaricus sp. (Champignon) e Pleurotus sp. (Shimeji). As sementes de pimentão foram adquiridas da cultivar Dahra RX, do mesmo lote que foram semeadas em bandejas de 128 células previamente preenchidas com os substratos, avaliando as plantas aos 24 e 31 dias, provenientes do cultivo em diferentes substratos (T1: 100% substrato comercial; T2: 100% Pleurotus sp.; T3: 75% Pleurotus sp.+ 25% de solo; T4: 50% Pleurotus sp.+ 50% de solo; T5: 100% Agaricus sp.; T6: 75% de Agaricus sp.+ 25% de solo; T7: 50% de Agaricus sp. + 50 % de solo e T8: 100% de solo). Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento como: área foliar; taxa de crescimento relativo; taxa de crescimento absoluto; taxa de crescimento relativo foliar; taxa de crescimento absoluto foliar; taxa de assimilação líquida; razão área foliar; taxa de crescimento da cultura e índice de área foliar. Conclui-se que a associação do substrato com a presença do cogumelo Agaricus sp. promoveu o maior desenvolvimento na cultura do pimentão em bandeja, em relação ao substrato comercial utilizado. Os parâmetros de crescimento área foliar; taxa de crescimento absoluto; taxa de crescimento relativo e absoluto foliar; taxa de crescimento da cultura e índice de área foliar, variaram de acordo com os substratos analisados, relacionado com o crescimento das mudas segundo as respostas fisiológicas as condições de cultivo.This study aimed to evaluate the use of different substrates on the parameters of growth of pepper seedling. Spent mushroom substrate- SMS- derived from Agaricus sp. (Champignon) and Pleurotus sp. (Shimeji). It were bought pepper seeds of Dahra RX cultivar of the same lot. Seeds were sown in trays prefilled with substrates and with 128 cells, evaluating the seedling at 24 and 31 days from sowing on different substrates (T1: 100 % commercial substrate, T2: 100% Pleurotus sp.; T3: 75% Pleurotus sp. + 25% soil, T4: 50% Pleurotus sp. + 50% soil, T5: 100% Agaricus sp.; T6: 75% Agaricus sp. + 25% soil, T7: 50% Agaricus sp. + 50% soil and, T8: 100% soil). The growth parameters such as leaf area; relative growth rate; absolute growth rate; leaf relative growth rate; leaf absolute growth rate; liquid assimilation rate; leaf area ratio; the growth rate of the culture, and leaf area index were evaluated. We conclude that the substrate combined with the SMS derived from Agaricus sp. promoted greatest development in pepper seedlings in the tray when compared with commercial substrate. The growth parameters leaf area; absolute growth rate; relative growth rate and leaf growth absolute; the growth rate of the crop, and leaf area index varied according to the analyzed substrates being connected with the growth of seedlings under the physiological responses growing conditions.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Genome of Herbaspirillum seropedicae Strain SmR1, a Specialized Diazotrophic Endophyte of Tropical Grasses

The molecular mechanisms of plant recognition, colonization, and nutrient exchange between diazotrophic endophytes and plants are scarcely known. Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic bacterium capable of colonizing intercellular spaces of grasses such as rice and sugar cane. The genome of H. seropedicae strain SmR1 was sequenced and annotated by The Paraná State Genome Programme—GENOPAR. The genome is composed of a circular chromosome of 5,513,887 bp and contains a total of 4,804 genes. The genome sequence revealed that H. seropedicae is a highly versatile microorganism with capacity to metabolize a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources and with possession of four distinct terminal oxidases. The genome contains a multitude of protein secretion systems, including type I, type II, type III, type V, and type VI secretion systems, and type IV pili, suggesting a high potential to interact with host plants. H. seropedicae is able to synthesize indole acetic acid as reflected by the four IAA biosynthetic pathways present. A gene coding for ACC deaminase, which may be involved in modulating the associated plant ethylene-signaling pathway, is also present. Genes for hemagglutinins/hemolysins/adhesins were found and may play a role in plant cell surface adhesion. These features may endow H. seropedicae with the ability to establish an endophytic life-style in a large number of plant species

Prognostic indicators and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients with neurological disease: An individual patient data meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Neurological COVID-19 disease has been reported widely, but published studies often lack information on neurological outcomes and prognostic risk factors. We aimed to describe the spectrum of neurological disease in hospitalised COVID-19 patients; characterise clinical outcomes; and investigate factors associated with a poor outcome. METHODS: We conducted an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of hospitalised patients with neurological COVID-19 disease, using standard case definitions. We invited authors of studies from the first pandemic wave, plus clinicians in the Global COVID-Neuro Network with unpublished data, to contribute. We analysed features associated with poor outcome (moderate to severe disability or death, 3 to 6 on the modified Rankin Scale) using multivariable models. RESULTS: We included 83 studies (31 unpublished) providing IPD for 1979 patients with COVID-19 and acute new-onset neurological disease. Encephalopathy (978 [49%] patients) and cerebrovascular events (506 [26%]) were the most common diagnoses. Respiratory and systemic symptoms preceded neurological features in 93% of patients; one third developed neurological disease after hospital admission. A poor outcome was more common in patients with cerebrovascular events (76% [95% CI 67-82]), than encephalopathy (54% [42-65]). Intensive care use was high (38% [35-41]) overall, and also greater in the cerebrovascular patients. In the cerebrovascular, but not encephalopathic patients, risk factors for poor outcome included breathlessness on admission and elevated D-dimer. Overall, 30-day mortality was 30% [27-32]. The hazard of death was comparatively lower for patients in the WHO European region. INTERPRETATION: Neurological COVID-19 disease poses a considerable burden in terms of disease outcomes and use of hospital resources from prolonged intensive care and inpatient admission; preliminary data suggest these may differ according to WHO regions and country income levels. The different risk factors for encephalopathy and stroke suggest different disease mechanisms which may be amenable to intervention, especially in those who develop neurological symptoms after hospital admission

Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016