Modelling Monochamus galloprovincialis dispersal trajectories across a heterogeneous landscape to optimize monitoring by trapping networks

Context 14 The pine wood nematode (PWN), is an invasive species which was introduced into Europe in 15 1999. It represents a major economic and ecological threat to European forests. In Europe, the 16 maritime pine is the main host and Monochamus galloprovinciallis is its only vector. 17 18 Objectives 19 Our goal was to analyze the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the vector’s dispersal. We 20 further aimed at developing a new method to locate the origin of insects captured in a systematic 21 network of pheromone traps. 22 23 Methods 24 A mark-release-recapture experiment was carried out in a heterogeneous landscape combining 25 maritime pine plantations, clear-cuts and isolated patches of broadleaved and mixed forests in 26 the southwest of France. 27 Least-cost path analysis was used to model dispersal trajectories and assign friction values to 28 each land-use type in the landscape. We used the trap’s geographical coordinates, capture levels 29 and mean friction values of neighbouring patches to calculate a weighed barycentre and the 30 position of the release of marked beetlesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio

Edge contrast does not modulate edge effect on plants and pollinators

Edge contrast, is one of the main determinants of edge effects. This study examines the response of plant and pollinator diversity (bees and butterflies) to forest edge contrast, i.e. the difference between forests and adjacent open habitats with different disturbance regimes. We also investigated a potential cascading effect from plants to pollinators and whether edge structure and landscape composition mediate the relationship between edge contrast and beta diversity of pollinators. We sampled 51 lowcontrast edges where forests were adjacent to habitats showing low levels of disturbance (i.e. grey dunes, mowed fire-breaks, orchards, grasslands) and 29 high-contrast edges where forests were adjacent to more intensively disturbed habitats (i.e. tilled firebreaks, oilseed rape) in three regions of France. We showed that plant diversities were higher in edges than in adjacent open habitat, whatever the edge contrast. However, plant beta diversity did not differ significantly between low and highcontrast edges. While we observed higher pollinator diversities in adjacent habitats than in low-contrast edges, there were no significant differences in pollinator beta diversity depending on edge contrast. We did not observe a cascading effect from plants to pollinators. Plant and bee beta diversities were mainly explained by local factors (edge structure and flower cover) while butterfly beta diversity was explained by surrounding landscape characteristics (proportion of land cover in grassland)

Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe : Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild

Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe : Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild

Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intraurban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that – just like in non-urban areas – plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Grant/Award Number: ANR-10--LABX-45; Fondation BNP Paribas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Herbivory on the pedunculate oak along an urbanization gradient in Europe: Effects of impervious surface, local tree cover, and insect feeding guild

Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions

Conservation of butterfly communities in mosaic forest landscapes : effects of habitat quality, diversity and fragmentation

Alors que la superficie des forêts de plantation continue d'augmenter dans le monde, leurcontribution à la conservation de la biodiversité reste controversée. L’objectif de cette thèse estd'identifier les facteurs clés, à la fois au niveau de l'habitat local et à celui du paysage, qui influent surla diversité des papillons de jour dans les paysages en mosaïque dominés par des plantations de pins.Les communautés de papillons ont été échantillonnées en lisière et à l’intérieur de plantations de pinmaritime, pare-feux, ripisylves et fragments de forêts de feuillus variant par la taille et le degréd’isolement spatial. Les traits biologiques et écologiques des papillons ont été liés auxcaractéristiques de l’habitat et aux variables paysagères.Les éléments les plus importants pour la conservation des papillons dans les paysages dominés parles plantations de pins sont les habitats semi-naturels: forêts de feuillus, pare-feux et lisières. Lesripisylves se révèlent être les plus riches en papillons forestiers, abritant des espèces spécialisées. Lespare-feux hébergent deux fois plus d'espèces que les autres types d'habitats et sont importants pourla conservation de plusieurs espèces menacées. Toutefois les plantations de pin ne sont pas vide depapillons. La qualité de l'habitat, notamment la présence de plantes hôtes, est le facteur le plusdéterminant de la composition des communautés de rhopalocères. La composition et laconfiguration du paysage ont également une influence importante sur la diversité des papillons. Denombreuses espèces de papillons ont été observées dans plusieurs types d'habitat suggérant que lacomplémentation et supplémentation des ressources soient des processus clés pour maintenir ladiversité des papillons dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes.While the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics

Conservation of butterfly communities in mosaic forest landscapes : effects of habitat quality, diversity and fragmentation

Alors que la superficie des forêts de plantation continue d'augmenter dans le monde, leurcontribution à la conservation de la biodiversité reste controversée. L’objectif de cette thèse estd'identifier les facteurs clés, à la fois au niveau de l'habitat local et à celui du paysage, qui influent surla diversité des papillons de jour dans les paysages en mosaïque dominés par des plantations de pins.Les communautés de papillons ont été échantillonnées en lisière et à l’intérieur de plantations de pinmaritime, pare-feux, ripisylves et fragments de forêts de feuillus variant par la taille et le degréd’isolement spatial. Les traits biologiques et écologiques des papillons ont été liés auxcaractéristiques de l’habitat et aux variables paysagères.Les éléments les plus importants pour la conservation des papillons dans les paysages dominés parles plantations de pins sont les habitats semi-naturels: forêts de feuillus, pare-feux et lisières. Lesripisylves se révèlent être les plus riches en papillons forestiers, abritant des espèces spécialisées. Lespare-feux hébergent deux fois plus d'espèces que les autres types d'habitats et sont importants pourla conservation de plusieurs espèces menacées. Toutefois les plantations de pin ne sont pas vide depapillons. La qualité de l'habitat, notamment la présence de plantes hôtes, est le facteur le plusdéterminant de la composition des communautés de rhopalocères. La composition et laconfiguration du paysage ont également une influence importante sur la diversité des papillons. Denombreuses espèces de papillons ont été observées dans plusieurs types d'habitat suggérant que lacomplémentation et supplémentation des ressources soient des processus clés pour maintenir ladiversité des papillons dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes.While the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics

Conservation of butterfly communities in mosaic forest landscapes : effects of habitat quality, diversity and fragmentation

Alors que la superficie des forêts de plantation continue d'augmenter dans le monde, leurcontribution à la conservation de la biodiversité reste controversée. L’objectif de cette thèse estd'identifier les facteurs clés, à la fois au niveau de l'habitat local et à celui du paysage, qui influent surla diversité des papillons de jour dans les paysages en mosaïque dominés par des plantations de pins.Les communautés de papillons ont été échantillonnées en lisière et à l’intérieur de plantations de pinmaritime, pare-feux, ripisylves et fragments de forêts de feuillus variant par la taille et le degréd’isolement spatial. Les traits biologiques et écologiques des papillons ont été liés auxcaractéristiques de l’habitat et aux variables paysagères.Les éléments les plus importants pour la conservation des papillons dans les paysages dominés parles plantations de pins sont les habitats semi-naturels: forêts de feuillus, pare-feux et lisières. Lesripisylves se révèlent être les plus riches en papillons forestiers, abritant des espèces spécialisées. Lespare-feux hébergent deux fois plus d'espèces que les autres types d'habitats et sont importants pourla conservation de plusieurs espèces menacées. Toutefois les plantations de pin ne sont pas vide depapillons. La qualité de l'habitat, notamment la présence de plantes hôtes, est le facteur le plusdéterminant de la composition des communautés de rhopalocères. La composition et laconfiguration du paysage ont également une influence importante sur la diversité des papillons. Denombreuses espèces de papillons ont été observées dans plusieurs types d'habitat suggérant que lacomplémentation et supplémentation des ressources soient des processus clés pour maintenir ladiversité des papillons dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes.While the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics

Conservation des communautés de papillons de jour dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes : effets de la qualité, de la diversité et de la fragmentation des habitats

While the area of plantation forests continues to increase worldwide, their contribution to theconservation of biodiversity is still controversial. The aim of this thesis is to identify key habitat andlandscape factors that drive butterfly diversity in mosaic landscapes dominated by pine plantations.Butterfly communities were sampled at edges and interiors of five successional stages of pine stands,in firebreaks, riparian forests and in deciduous woodlands varying in fragment size and isolation.Biological and ecological traits of butterflies were related to habitat patch attributes and tolandscape composition and configuration.The results highlighted the critical importance of semi-natural habitats for butterfly conservation inpine plantation mosaics, i.e. deciduous woodlands, firebreaks and edges. Riparian forests wereespecially rich in forest butterfly species, harboring specialized species with both narrow habitat andthermal ranges. Firebreaks had twice as many species as other habitat types and were ofconservation value for several threatened butterfly species. Our results also showed that pine standswere not ‘free of butterflies'. Habitat quality, particularly the presence of host plants, was the mostimportant driver of butterfly community composition. Landscape composition and configuration alsoinfluenced butterfly diversity. Many species used more than one distinct habitat type, suggestingthat resource complementation and supplementation are important mechanisms of butterflydiversity persistence in pine plantation mosaics.Alors que la superficie des forêts de plantation continue d'augmenter dans le monde, leurcontribution à la conservation de la biodiversité reste controversée. L’objectif de cette thèse estd'identifier les facteurs clés, à la fois au niveau de l'habitat local et à celui du paysage, qui influent surla diversité des papillons de jour dans les paysages en mosaïque dominés par des plantations de pins.Les communautés de papillons ont été échantillonnées en lisière et à l’intérieur de plantations de pinmaritime, pare-feux, ripisylves et fragments de forêts de feuillus variant par la taille et le degréd’isolement spatial. Les traits biologiques et écologiques des papillons ont été liés auxcaractéristiques de l’habitat et aux variables paysagères.Les éléments les plus importants pour la conservation des papillons dans les paysages dominés parles plantations de pins sont les habitats semi-naturels: forêts de feuillus, pare-feux et lisières. Lesripisylves se révèlent être les plus riches en papillons forestiers, abritant des espèces spécialisées. Lespare-feux hébergent deux fois plus d'espèces que les autres types d'habitats et sont importants pourla conservation de plusieurs espèces menacées. Toutefois les plantations de pin ne sont pas vide depapillons. La qualité de l'habitat, notamment la présence de plantes hôtes, est le facteur le plusdéterminant de la composition des communautés de rhopalocères. La composition et laconfiguration du paysage ont également une influence importante sur la diversité des papillons. Denombreuses espèces de papillons ont été observées dans plusieurs types d'habitat suggérant que lacomplémentation et supplémentation des ressources soient des processus clés pour maintenir ladiversité des papillons dans les paysages forestiers hétérogènes

Les plantes-hôtes du Damier de la succise (Euphydryas aurinia) dans le Sud-Ouest de la France (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Dans le Sud-Ouest de la France, Euphydryas aurinia, un papillon de jour protégé, colonise principalement deux types d’habitats : des milieux herbacés humides et des pelouses sèches. Les plantes-hôtes généralement admises pour les chenilles sont respectivement Succisa pratensis pour le premier type d’habitat et Scabiosa columbaria pour le second. Nos observations, réalisées entre 2005 et 2009 dans la partie ouest du département de la Gironde, ont montré l’utilisation fréquente d’une autre plante-hôte : Lonicera periclymenum. Cette partie de la Gironde est principalement occupée par des plantations de pins maritimes et les nids de chenilles ont été observés dans des coupes rases et des pare-feux dominés par la Molinie et en bordure des peuplements de pins.In the south-west of France the protected butterfly Euphydryas aurinia occurs mainly in two habitat types: humid herbaceous vegetations and dry grasslands, where it is supposed to use Succisa pratensis and Scabiosa columbaria respectively as larval host-plants. Our observations from 2005 to 2009 in the western part of the Gironde department showed the frequent use of another host-plant: Lonicera periclymenum. This part of the Gironde is covered by evenaged maritime pine stands. Larval nests were mainly observed in Molinia caerulea dominated clearcuttings and firebreaks, and at pine stand edges