The Domestic Culture Shown by Valluvar

Thirukkural, the sweet, living entity of the Tamil man, is divided into three divisions, namely, virtue, wealth, and pleasure, and consists of 133 chapters and 1330 couplets in nine parts. Thirukkural is translated into more than 110 languages. Manakkudavar was the first to write the foreword to this book, which has been translated into the second most widely translated language in the world. Nevertheless, Parimelazhagar's foreword is hailed as the best text. Malaiyatthuvasamakanar Gnanaprakasam published this book in Thanjavur in 1812. Thirukkural has been praised by Leo Tolstoy, Bernard Shaw, G.U. Pope, Veerama Munivar, and many others. Bharathi said that Tamil Nadu has become famous by giving Valluvan to the world, and Bharathidasan praised that this world received fame due to having Valluvan. This article is intended to examine the cultural records found in the chapter on Married Life in Domestic Virtue in such an excellent Thirukkural

The relationship between HbA1c and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between HbA1c and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) which is noninvasive marker of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: 81 type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. Demographic, clinical and laboratory features of the patients were obtained from hospital records. cIMT values were measured by high resolution B-mode ultrasound. Patients were divided into two groups according to cIMT values: cIMT < 0,9 mm group and cIMT ≥ 0,9 mm group. Increased cIMT values were accepted as ≥ 0,9 mm. Then we compared HbA1c and other collected features between normal and increased cIMT groups. Results: 69,2% of the patients were female, 30,8% were male. The mean age of the patients were 58,4±10,7 year. The mean HbA1c values of the patients were 8,6±2,03%. The mean cIMT values of the patients were 0,74±0,22 mm. Result with Student T test and ROC curve analysis HbA1c values were’nt different between the groups (p >0.05). Conclusion: in this present study we demonstrated that HbA1c could not be a marker for subclinical atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.Pan African Medical Journal 2016;

Correlation between HbA1c Levels with Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common chronic disease in the world. Macrovascular complications such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases can be detected early, one of them by using an ultrasound examination to assess carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). HbA1c examination had a strong predictive value for the occurrence of T2DM complications. HbA1c levels are associated with CIMT in the non-DM group. In the T2DM group there was an increase in CIMT compared to the non DM group. HbA1c levels can be used as a predictor of the progression of CIMT improvement in the T2DM group, but there is no study on populations with newly diagnosed T2DM.Aims: This study was conducted to find out the correlation between HbA1c in newly diagnosed T2DM and CIMT.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with correlation analysis carried out on newly diagnosed T2DM in four Primary Health Centers in the city of Bandung who were randomly selected from July to August 2018. HbA1c measurement was carried out at Dr. Hasan Sadikin hospital. The CIMT examination was done according to the Manheim Consensus by a cardiologist. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between those two variables.Results: This study involved 32 subjects with a median age of 52 (40 - 60) years. The mean value of CIMT was 0.77±0.22 mm, while the median value of HbA1c was 6.7 (5.2- 12.3). Bivariate analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between HbA1c and CIMT in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM. (r= 0.567, p<0.001).Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between HbA1c in newly diagnosed T2DM and CIMT

Maternal antecedents of adiposity and studying the transgenerational role of hyperglycemia and insulin (MAASTHI): a prospective cohort study : Protocol of birth cohort at Bangalore, India.

BACKGROUND: India is experiencing an epidemic of obesity-hyperglycaemia, which coincides with child bearing age for women. The epidemic can be sustained and augmented through transgenerational transmission of adiposity and glucose intolerance in women. This presents an opportunity for exploring a clear strategy for the control of this epidemic in India. We conducted a study between November 2013 and May 2015 to inform the design of a large pregnancy cohort study. Based on the findings of this pilot, we developed the protocol for the proposed birth cohort of 5000 women, the recruitment for which will start in April 2016. The protocol of the study documents the processes which aim at advancing the available knowledge, linking several steps in the evolution of obesity led hyperglycemia. METHODS: Maternal Antecedents of Adiposity and Studying the Transgenerational role of Hyperglycemia and Insulin (MAASTHI) is a cohort study in the public health facilities in Bangalore, India. The objective of MAASTHI is to prospectively assess the effects of glucose levels in pregnancy on the risk of adverse infant outcomes, especially in predicting the possible risk markers of later chronic diseases. The primary objective of the proposed study is to investigate the effect of glucose levels in pregnancy on skinfold thickness (adiposity) in infancy as a marker of future obesity and diabetes in offspring. The secondary objective is to assess the association between psychosocial environment of mothers and adverse neonatal outcomes including adiposity. The study aims to recruit 5000 pregnant women and follow them and their offspring for a period of 4 years. The institutional review board at The Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH)-H, Bangalore, Public Health Foundation of India has approved the protocol. All participants are required to provide written informed consent. DISCUSSION: The findings from this study may help to address important questions on screening and management of high blood sugar in pregnancy. It may provide critical information on the specific determinants driving the underweight-obesity-T2DM epidemic in India. The study can inform the policy regarding the potential impact of screening and management protocols in public healthcare facilities. The public health implications include prioritising issues of maternal glycemic control and weight management and better understanding of the lifecourse determinants in the development of T2DM

Self-assembly-driven electrospinning:the transition from fibers to intact beaded morphologies

Polymer beads have attracted considerable interest for use in catalysis, drug delivery, and photo­nics due to their particular shape and surface morphology. Electrospinning, typically used for producing nanofibers, can also be used to fabricate polymer beads if the solution has a sufficiently low concentration. In this work, a novel approach for producing more uniform, intact beads is presented by electrospinning self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) solutions. This approach allows a relatively high polymer concentration to be used, yet with a low degree of entanglement between polymer chains due to microphase separation of the BCP in a selective solvent system. Herein, to demonstrate the technology, a well-studied polystyrene-poly(ethylene butylene)–polystyrene triblock copolymer is dissolved in a co-solvent system. The effect of solvent composition on the characteristics of the fibers and beads is intensively studied, and the mechanism of this fiber-to-bead is found to be dependent on microphase separation of the BCP

A Secured Joint Encrypted Watermarking In Medical Image Using Block Cipher Algorithm

ABSTRACT At present year, most of the hospitals and diagnostic centre have exchanging the biomedical information through wireless media. reliability of the information can be verified by adding ownership data as the watermarking and encryption in the original information. In our proposed work, a joint encryption/watermarking system for the purpose of protecting medical image. This system based on approach which combines a substitutive watermarking algorithm with an encryption algorithm, advanced encryption standard (AES) in counter mode. If the watermarking and encryption are conducted jointly at the protection stage, watermark extraction and decryption can be applied independently. The capability of our system to securely make available security attributes in encrypted domains while minimizing the elapsed time. Furthermore, by making use of the AES algorithm in counter (CTR) mode make our compliant with the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) standard

Incidence and pathophysiology of diabetes in south Asian adults living in India and Pakistan compared with US blacks and whites

Introduction: We compared diabetes incidence in South Asians aged ≥45 years in urban India (Chennai and Delhi) and Pakistan (Karachi), two low-income and middle-income countries undergoing rapid transition, with blacks and whites in the US, a high-income country.Research design and methods: We computed age-specific, sex-specific and body mass index (BMI)-specific diabetes incidence from the prospective Center for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia Study (n=3136) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (blacks, n=3059; whites, n=9924). We assessed factors associated with incident diabetes using Cox proportional hazards regression.Results: South Asians have lower BMI and waist circumference than blacks and whites (median BMI, kg/m2: 24.9 vs 28.2 vs 26.0; median waist circumference, cm 87.5 vs 96.0 vs 95.0). South Asians were less insulin resistant than blacks and whites (age-BMI-adjusted homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, µIU/mL/mmol/L: 2.30 vs 3.45 vs 2.59), and more insulin deficient than blacks but not whites (age-BMI-adjusted homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction, µIU/mL/mmol/L: 103.7 vs 140.6 vs 103.9). Age-standardized diabetes incidence (cases/1000 person-years (95% CI)) in South Asian men was similar to black men and 1.6 times higher (1.37 to 1.92) than white men (26.0 (22.2 to 29.8) vs 26.2 (22.7 to 29.7) vs 16.1 (14.8 to 17.4)). In South Asian women, incidence was slightly higher than black women and 3 times (2.61 to 3.66) the rate in white women (31.9 (27.5 to 36.2) vs 28.6 (25.7 to 31.6) vs 11.3 (10.2 to 12.3)). In normal weight (BMI \u3c25 kg/m2), diabetes incidence adjusted for age was 2.9 times higher (2.09 to 4.28) in South Asian men, and 5.3 times (3.64 to 7.54) in South Asian women than in white women.Conclusions: South Asian adults have lower BMI and are less insulin resistant than US blacks and whites, but have higher diabetes incidence than US whites, especially in subgroups without obesity. Factors other than insulin resistance (ie, insulin secretion) may play an important role in the natural history of diabetes in South Asians

Confirmation and Identification of Biomarkers Implicating Environmental Triggers in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes

Multiple environmental triggers have been proposed to explain the increased incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). These include viral infections, microbiome disturbances, metabolic disorders, and vitamin D deficiency. Here, we used ELISA to examine blood plasma from juvenile T1D subjects and age-matched controls for the abundance of several circulating factors relevant to these hypotheses. We screened plasma for sCD14, mannose binding lectin (MBL), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), c-reactive protein (CRP), fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2), human growth hormone, leptin, total adiponectin, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, total IgG, total IgA, total IgM, endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAbs), 25(OH) vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, IL-7, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-18BPa. Subjects also were tested for prevalence of antibodies targeting adenovirus, parainfluenza 1/2/3, Coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen (EBV VCA), herpes simplex virus 1, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, all subjects were screened for presence and abundance of autoantibodies targeting islet cell cytoplasmic proteins (ICA), glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD65), zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8), insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2), tissue transglutaminase, and thyroid peroxidase, while β cell function was gauged by measuring c-peptide levels. We observed few differences between control and T1D subjects. Of these, we found elevated sCD14, IL-18BPa, and FABP2, and reduced total IgM. Female T1D subjects were notably elevated in CRP levels compared to control, while males were similar. T1D subjects also had significantly lower prevalence of EBV VCA antibodies compared to control. Lastly, we observed that c-peptide levels were significantly correlated with leptin levels among controls, but this relationship was not significant among T1D subjects. Alternatively, adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with c-peptide levels among T1D subjects, while controls showed no relationship between these two factors. Among T1D subjects, the highest c-peptide levels were associated with the lowest adiponectin levels, an indication of insulin resistance. In total, from our examination we found limited data that strongly support any of the hypotheses investigated. Rather, we observed an indication of unexplained monocyte/macrophage activation in T1D subjects judging from elevated levels of sCD14 and IL-18BPa. These observations were partnered with unique associations between adipokines and c-peptide levels among T1D subjects

Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults is dramatically increasing. Similar to older-onset type 2 diabetes, the major predisposing risk factors are obesity, family history, and sedentary lifestyle. Onset of diabetes at a younger age (defined here as up to age 40 years) is associated with longer disease exposure and increased risk for chronic complications. Young-onset type 2 diabetes also affects more individuals of working age, accentuating the adverse societal effects of the disease. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that young-onset type 2 diabetes has a more aggressive disease phenotype, leading to premature development of complications, with adverse effects on quality of life and unfavourable effects on long-term outcomes, raising the possibility of a future public health catastrophe. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology and existing knowledge regarding pathophysiology, risk factors, complications, and management of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults