70 research outputs found
Biotecnología
El ejercicio profesional del Médico Veterinario Zootecnista esta relacionado con muchos procesos biotecnológicos. La biotecnología en su definición más amplia, incluye la idea del uso de organismos biológicos con la finalidad de facilitar o mejorar la obtención de productos derivados de ellos, podríamos decir que ésta ha acompañado al hombre desde los inicios de la civilización y que ha alcanzado a diversas áreas de interés humano como son los alimentos, la medicina, procesos industriales, la agricultura y la medicina veterinaria y la zootecnia. Por lo que el presente curso pretende dar al alumno un panorama generadle algunos de los aspectos más relevantes de la biotecnología que tienen un impacto en el área del conocimiento profesional de un médico Veterinario Zootecnista, con un enfoque teórico práctico en algunas áreas, y teórico en otras; tales como la ingeniería genética, Proteómica, inmunología, la reproducción y producción animal y diagnóstico de enfermedades infecciosas y genéticas. Así como, los aspectos bioéticos esenciales en la manipulación y manejo sanitario de los animales de laboratorio
Mejoramiento Genético
La genética como herramienta profesional del Médico Veterinario Zootecnista puede ser aplicada a la salud, a la producción animal, a la conservación y a la investigación. El profesional de esta área del conocimiento, si bien no tiene la obligación de tener conocimientos profundos de genética en cada una de estas áreas, dado que eso implica estudios de especialidad, si debe manejar de manera elocuente los fundamentos de genética que le permitan entender la importancia que tiene ésta área del conocimiento en el entorno del ejercicio profesional. Es por eso que el presente programa ofrece una serie de temas que incluyen las bases moleculares de la herencia, la genética mendeliana, la genética de poblaciones, la genética cuantitativa, los principios de selección y mejoramiento genético y la aplicación de marcadores moleculares a la salud, la producción animal y la diversidad genética
Síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio del cerdo (PRRS)
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), is a viral disease that is manifested in severe reproductivefailure in pregnant sows, lower levels of semen quality in boars, and respiratory problems in pigs of all ages butmainly piglets. Economically it is one of the most important diseases worldwide and is present in the majority ofporcine producing countries, where, in most of them, it is still endemic. The PRRS virus (PRRSV) has a high mutationrate, reason why there is great genetic diversity in the North American linage strains (NA PRRSV), and between theNA PRRSV and the European (EU PRRSV) lineages. This affects strain homogeneity and gives few or null crossantigenicity among strains, which is important for a successful vaccine. The modified virus vaccine, is the onlycommercially available vaccine that provides some level of immunity confidence, but it has shown the possibility torevert to pathogenicity by mutation or recombination with field strains. The commercially available vaccinesare only used to diminish the level of impact of the disease. The virus shows the capacity of immune suppressionand immune regulation, which allows the virus to extend the viremia period in infected animals. The virusspreads through saliva, trans placental and mammal secretions and with a high probability feces, been the maintransmission by direct contact and secondary by infected objects; also shows a posterior selectivity toward alimited lymphoid tissue, this enables it to remain unnoticed until favorable conditions allow the disease todevelop into an outbreak or pandemic.El síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio del cerdo (PRRS), es una enfermedad de origen viral que ocasiona fallas reproductivas severas en cerdas gestantes, con menos grado en la calidad del semen en verracos y problemas respiratorios en cerdos de todas las edades pero principalmente en lechones; también se asocia o incrementa la manifestación de otras enfermedades respiratorias. Es una de las enfermedades de mayor importancia económica mundial, en la mayoría de los países de producción de porcinos, donde en gran parte de ellos permanece endémico. El virus de PRRS (PRRSV) presenta un alto grado de mutabilidad, por lo que hay una gran diversidad genética de cepas del linaje norteamericano (PRRSV NA) y entre el PRRSV NA y el linaje europeo (PRRSV EU), lo que afecta la homogeneidad y poca o nula antigenicidad cruzada para vacunas; el virus vacunal modificado, único comercialmente accesible para generar algún grado confiable de inmunidad, ha mostrado la capacidad de revertirse a patógeno, con replicabilidad y recombinación con virus de campo; las vacunas sólo se utilizan para disminuir el grado de afección de la enfermedad; el virus muestra una capacidad de inmunosupresión e inmunoregulación que le permite, prolongar el tiempo de viremia en los animales enfermos, quienes eliminan el virus por saliva, secreciones transplacentarias, mamarias y muy posiblemente excremento, siendo la transmisión principal por contacto directo o por objetos contaminados; además presenta una posterior selectividad a pocos tejidos linfoides, que le permite permanecer inadvertido hasta que, en condiciones favorables, vuelve a manifestarse la enfermedad, ya sea como pequeños brotes, o como pandemia
Proteína Bm86 y su potencial uso como vacuna contra garrapatas en el ganado bovino. Revisión
Tick infestations represent a major difficulty for cattle production in tropical and subtropical countries around the world. The traditional ways to combat this pest are chemicals (acaricides) and integrated management of grasslands. Nevertheless, these methods have not been able to conclusively control the presence of this ectoparasite. This has led to the search for vaccines that allow the control of these parasites. Currently, there are immunogens containing the gut antigen Bm86 of Rhipicephalus microplus, which have proven to be an effective alternative, as they have reduced tick populations and the use of synthetic acaricides. However, the polymorphism of this locus in ticks from different geographical areas represents a limitation in its effectiveness. A significant number of studies have been conducted on the Bm86 gene as a vaccine antigen, so this paper presents an update on studies conducted with this antigen and its potential use as an immunological control to reduce tick infestations in cattle.Las infestaciones de garrapatas representan una gran dificultad para la producción de ganado bovino en países tropicales y subtropicales alrededor del mundo. Las formas tradicionales de combate a esta plaga son químicos (acaricidas) y manejo integral de pastizales. Sin embargo, estos métodos no han logrado controlar de manera contundente la presencia de este ectoparásito. Lo anterior ha llevado a la búsqueda de vacunas que permitan el control de estos parásitos. Actualmente, se cuenta con inmunógenos que contienen el antígeno intestinal Bm86 de Rhipicephalus microplus, los cuales han demostrado ser una alternativa efectiva, al reducir las poblaciones de garrapatas y el uso de acaricidas sintéticos. No obstante, el polimorfismo de este locus en garrapatas de distintas zonas geográficas representa una limitante en su efectividad. Se han realizado un número importante de investigaciones acerca del gen Bm86 como antígeno vacunal, por lo que, en este documento, se presenta una actualización de las investigaciones realizadas con este antígeno y su potencial uso como control inmunológico para reducir las infestaciones de garrapatas en el ganado bovino
Evaluation of Clinical and Immunopathological Features of Different Infective Doses of Trypanosoma cruzi in Dogs during the Acute Phase
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi is a major risk in Latin America, and dogs are believed to be good models for evaluating Chagas disease. Here, we evaluated the clinical and immunopathological alterations developed by mongrel dogs experimentally infected with different infective doses (2,000, 20,000, and 200,000 metacyclic trypomastigotes of Sylvio X10/4 strain kg−1 via intraperitoneal). Clinical and electrocardiographic parameters, as well as antibody production and pathologic lesions were evaluated. All three doses of this strain of T. cruzi induced a similar pattern of infection characterized by cardiac arrhythmias and severe and diffuse myocarditis. Specific anti-T. cruzi IgG indicated seroconversion by day 14 after infection, and IgG levels increased during the period of evaluation. Mortality was observed only in dogs infected with the medium or high parasite doses, but not in the group infected with a low dose of 2,000 parasites kg−1. Infection with a low dose of parasites provides an excellent nonlethal model to evaluate the immunopathology of the acute disease in dogs infected with the Sylvio X10/4 strain of T. cruzi
Trypanosoma cruzi co-infections with other vector borne diseases are frequent in dogs from the pacific coast of Ecuador
Este articulo describe la presentación de infecciones múltiples con Trypnosoma cruzi, Anaplasma spp., Dirofilaria immitis y Ehrlichia spp. (transmitidas por vector) en perros de una región de la costa del Pacífico de EcuadorDogs are a reservoir for Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), and other companion vectorborne
diseases, including ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia ewingii), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum
and Anaplasma platys), dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis) and Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi). This
study has two key objectives: 1) to determine seroreactivity against T. cruzi in dogs from the town of Col´on, in
Portoviejo city, in the central coast of Ecuador; and 2) to establish the coinfection frequency of other companion
vector-borne diseases in dogs positive for T. cruzi. Antibodies against T. cruzi were detected using two enzymelinked
immunosorbent assays. Diagnostic consensus between ELISA tests was established using the Cohen’s
Kappa coefficient. Other haemoparasitic diseases were detected using the IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® kit in dogs
previously diagnosed as T. cruzi-seropositive. From 84 dogs sampled, 57.14% (48/84) tested positive for T. cruzi.
Co-infection analysis of 25 dogs positive for T. cruzi revealed antibodies also against Ehrlichia spp. (48%),
Anaplasma spp. (28%), and Dirofilaria immitis (12%). These results provide a novel perspective regarding the
status of these pathogens which co-infect dogs in Col´on. Since all these pathogens are zoonotic, our findings
should warn regional health authorities to implement sanitary programs, to better prevent and control vectors
associated to these pathogens. On the other hand, human and veterinarian doctors, should consider that patients
with a cardiac infection condition could be suffering co-infections with two or more vector transmitted
pathogens.RMJ The research was funded by the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) Project (4351/2017/CI).
NJG National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI136031) of the National Institutes of Health
TcG2/TcG4 DNA Vaccine Induces Th1 Immunity Against Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: Adjuvant and Antigenic Effects of Heterologous T. rangeli Booster Immunization
Artículo CientíficoBackground: Chagas cardiomyopathy is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc). Two antigenic candidates, TcG2 and TcG4, are recognized by antibodies in naturally infected dogs and humans; and these vaccine candidates provided protection from Tc infection in mice and dogs. Trypanosoma rangeli (Tr) is non-pathogenic to mammals and shown to elicit cross-reactive anti-Tc antibodies. In this study, we investigated if fixed Tr (fTr) can further enhance the efficacy of the TcG2/TcG4 DNA vaccine. Methods and Results: C57BL/6 mice were immunized with TcG2/TcG4 DNA vaccine and fTr (delivered as an adjuvant or in prime-boost approach), and challenged with Tc. Serology studies showed that fTr (±quil-A) elicited Tc- and Tr-reactive IgGs that otherwise were not stimulated by TcG2/TcG4 vaccine only, and quil-A had suppressive effects on fTr-induced IgGs. After challenge infection, TcG2/TcG4-vaccinated mice exhibited potent expansion of antigen- and Tc-specific IgGs that were not boosted by fTr±quil-A. Flow cytometry analysis showed that TcG2/TcG4-induced dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (M0) responded to challenge infection by expression of markers of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. TcG2/TcG4-induced CD4+T cells acquired Th1 phenotype and expressed markers that orchestrate adaptive immunity. A fraction of vaccine-induced CD4+T cells exhibited iTreg phenotype responsible for aversion of self-injurious immune responses. Further, TcG2/TcG4-vaccinated mice exhibited potent expansion of poly-functional CD8+T cells with TNF-a/IFN-g production and cytolytic phenotype post-infection. Subsequently, tissue parasites and pathology were hardly detectable in TcG2/TcG4-vaccinated/infected mice. Inclusion of fTr±quil-A had no clear additive effects in improving the Tc-specific adaptive immunity and parasite control than was noted in mice vaccinated with TcG2/TcG4 alone. Non-vaccinated Gupta et al. Vaccine Testing Against T. cruzi mice lacked sufficient activation of Th1 CD4+/CD8+T cells, and exhibited >10-fold higher levels of tissue parasite burden than was noted in vaccinated/infected mice. Conclusion: TcG2/TcG4 vaccine elicits highly effective immunity, and inclusion of fTr is not required to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccine against acute Tc infection in mice.UTM
Testing the Efficacy of a Multi-Component DNA-Prime/DNA-Boost Vaccine against Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Dogs
Immunization of dogs with DNA-prime/DNA-boost vaccine (TcVac1) enhanced the
Trypanosoma cruzi-specific type 1 antibody and
CD8+ T cell responses that resulted in an early control of
acute parasitemia and a moderate decline in pathological symptoms during chronic
phase. Further improvement of vaccine-induced immunity would be required to
achieve clinical and epidemiological benefits and prevent transmission of
parasites from vaccinated/infected dogs to triatomines
Immunity and vaccine development efforts against Trypanosoma cruzi
Artículo de revisión especializadoTrypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent for Chagas disease (CD). There is a critical lack of methods for prevention of infection or treatment of acute infection and chronic disease. Studies in experimental models have suggested that the protective immunity against T. cruzi infection requires the elicitation of Th1 cytokines, lytic antibodies and the concerted activities of macrophages, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this review, we summarize the research efforts in vaccine development to date and the challenges faced in achieving an efficient prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine against human CD.UTM
Control of malaria and other vector-borne protozoan diseases in the tropics: enduring challenges despite considerable progress and achievements
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