Sobre la prudencia y el decoro de las imágenes en la tratadística del siglo XVI en España

In the last session of the Council of Trent, held on December 4, 1563, a short decree was promulgated regarding the cult of the saints, relics and images, with a double purpose: to reaffirm the doctrine of the Catholic Church in the face of Protestantism’s advance and to exert control over the representation of religious images so as to prevent the populace from relating to them in idolatrous or superstitious ways. Yet these ideas had in fact been developing somewhat earlier, as evidenced in two of the first treatises on painting in Spain: Commentary on painting and ancient painters (1560) by Felipe de Guevara and On ancient painting by Francisco de Holanda (1548, translated into Spanish in 1563). This paper analyzes the discourse surrounding images before the Council’s decree took effect by considering these early Spanish artistic treatises, while also taking into account writings from the scholarly circle around Philip II (Ambrosio de Morales) and later (Fray José de Sigüenza). This article also addresses the impact of these Tridentine ideas on artistic practice, particularly as manifested at the Escorial.En la última sesión del Concilio de Trento, celebrada el 4 de diciembre de 1563, se promulgó un corto decreto sobre el culto a los santos, reliquias e imágenes que tenía una doble finalidad: reafirmar la doctrina de la Iglesia Católica ante el avance del protestantismo y controlar la imaginería, alejándola de toda superstición popular. Pero lo cierto es que tales ideas se venían gestando con anterioridad, como se pone de manifiesto en dos de los primeros tratados sobre pintura en España: el Comentario de la pintura y pintores antiguos (1560) de Felipe de Guevara y el De la pintura antigua de Francisco de Holanda (1548, cuya traducción al castellano se realizó en 1563). El presente artículo se propone analizar el discurso sobre las imágenes previo a la regulación y control del Concilio a través de la tratadística artística en la España de ese momento, teniendo en cuenta, asimismo, testimonios del círculo erudito de Felipe II (Ambrosio de Morales) y posteriores (Fray José de Sigüenza). Asimismo, se mostrará la repercusión que tales ideas tridentinas tuvieron en la práctica artística, con El Escorial como uno de sus mayores exponentes

Los Comentarios de la pintura de Felipe de Guevara

This paper focuses on the life and work of Felipe de Guevara (c.1500-1563), who was a scholar linked to the Court of Charles V and Philip II. In the present paper, we will go through the fields in which he stood out: antiquary and numismatic, art writer, collector of Flemish paintings and ancient coins. However, a detailed study of this character is not the aim of this paper. On the contrary, we would like to show the evolution of the research work about Felipe de Guevara that we are currently carrying out in the Department of Modern Art under the supervision of Prof. Fernando Checa Cremades. After a brief introduction to the subject, where the main references of this work are described, we present the main results obtained as well as the current perspectives for the conclusion of this PhD thesis.El presente articulo se centra en el estudio de la vida y obra de Felipe de Guevara (c.1500-1563), erudito vinculado a las Cortes de Carlos V y Felipe II. Se realiza un recorrido por cada una de las facetas en las que destaco: como anticuario y numismatico, tratadista de arte, coleccionista de pinturas flamencas y monedas antiguas. Sin embargo, no espere el lector encontrar aqui un estudio pormenorizado de este personaje. Lo que se pretende en esta ocasion es plasmar como ha ido evolucionando nuestro trabajo de investigacion, que sobre Felipe de Guevara, se realiza en el departamento de Historia del Arte II (Moderno), bajo la direccion del Prof. Fernando Checa Cremades. Tras una breve introduccion al tema, donde se describen los principales antecedentes del trabajo, se presentan los resultados obtenidos y las perspectivas existentes para la conclusion de esta tesis doctoral

Felipe de Guevara. Algunas aportaciones biográficas

In this article we try to complete the existing gaps of the life of Felipe de Guevara (1500-1563). We are based on different notices extracted from unpublished documents found in different archives. We dedicate special attention to his family environment, we provide two documents about his house in Madrid and we study his role as numismatic treatise’s writer. Besides, we refer to his family chapel “de los Dolores”, where he was buried and finally, we explain the circumstances that surrounded the Inquisition’s action against his wife, Beatriz de Haro.Este artículo se propone completar algunas lagunas que existen con respecto a la vida de Felipe de Guevara (1500-1563). Para ello, nos hemos basado en una serie de noticias extraídas de documentos inéditos que han sido hallados en diferentes archivos. Se dedica especial atención a su entorno familiar, aportando dos documentos relativos a su casa en Madrid y se estudia su faceta como tratadista numismático. Asimismo, se alude a la capilla de los Dolores, donde fue enterrado, y se relatan las circunstancias que rodearon el proceso de la Inquisición contra su mujer, Beatriz de Haro

Imagen de regia majestad: Carlos V y Felipe II en las Fuentes impresas de la Biblioteca Histórica “Marqués de Valdecilla”

Este artículo pretende profundizar, a través de las fuentes impresas presentes en la Biblioteca Histórica «Marqués de Valdecilla», en la concepción de la imagen regia que legaron a la posteridad Carlos V y Felipe II y en los vínculos de ambos monarcas con el mundo de las artes, prestando especial atención a la obra de Tiziano, a los viajes de juventud de Felipe II y a su Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial. [ABSTRACT]Based on printed sources preserved at Biblioteca Histórica «Marqués de Valdecilla», this paper focuses on analysing the conception of royal majesty which Charles V and Philip II pass on to posterity. Links of both monarchs to arts are also studied, giving special attention to Tiziano’s paintings, youth travels of Philip II and to his Monastery of El Escorial

El testamento de Diego de Guevara (c. 1450-1520)

Diego de Guevara (c. 1450-1520), an illustrious Spaniard settled in Flanders, occupied a prominent place in the Habsburg court, as ambassador of Philip the Fair, Margaret of Austria and Charles V. But he had also an important art collection, with paintings such as the Arnolfini Portrait of Jan van Eyck. The present article analyzes and transcribes in the final annex an unpublished document: his testament. Likewise, new information is provided, such as the one that leads to modify the date of birth of his son Felipe, known above all for his Commentary on painting and ancient painters.Don Diego de Guevara (c. 1450-1520), ilustre español afincado en Flandes, llegó a ocupar un lugar destacado en la corte de los Habsburgo como embajador de Felipe el Hermoso, Margarita de Austria y Carlos V. Pero además tuvo una importante colección artística, llegando a poseer obras como El matrimonio Arnolfini de Jan van Eyck. El presente artículo analiza y transcribe en anexo final un documento inédito: su testamento. Asimismo, se aportan nuevos datos como el que lleva a modificar la fecha de nacimiento de su hijo don Felipe, conocido sobre todo por su Comentario de la pintura y pintores antiguos

"Commentary of painting and ancient painters" by Felipe de Guevara. A study for dating the manuscript

Cuando en 2006 el Museo del Prado adquirió buena parte del fondo de la biblioteca Daza-Madrazo se descubrió un manuscrito del que hasta entonces no se tenía noticia: el Comentario de la pintura y pintores antiguos de Felipe Guevara (c.1500-1563). Se trata del ejemplar que en 1787 enviara el Deán de Plasencia, José Alfonso de Roa, a Antonio Ponz para su correspondiente publicación (1788). En el presente artículo se analiza el manuscrito con el fin de determinar si estamos ante el original que escribiera Guevara hacia 1560 o, si por el contrario, se trata de una copia posterior.When in 2006 Prado’s Museum acquired part of the splendid library coming from Daza-Madrazo’s Collection, a manuscript, unknown until now, appeared among the books under the title: Comentario de la pintura y pintores antiguos by Felipe de Guevara (c.1500-1563). It was the manuscript send in 1787 by the Dean of Plasencia’s Cathedral, José Alfonso de Roa, to Antonio Ponz for its publication (1788). In the present article this manuscript is analysed in order to establish if it is the original one written by Guevara around 1560 or, by contrast, it is a posterior copy

Effectiveness of fosfomycin trometamol as oral step-down therapy for bacteraemic urinary tract infections due to MDR Escherichia coli: a post hoc analysis of the FOREST randomized trial

© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.[Background] Fosfomycin is a potentially attractive option as step-down therapy for bacteraemic urinary tract infections (BUTI), but available data are scarce. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness and safety of fosfomycin trometamol and other oral drugs as step-down therapy in patients with BUTI due to MDR Escherichia coli (MDR-Ec).[Methods] Participants in the FOREST trial (comparing IV fosfomycin with ceftriaxone or meropenem for BUTI caused by MDR-Ec in 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018) who were stepped-down to oral fosfomycin (3 g q48h) or other drugs were included. The primary endpoint was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5–7 days after finalization of treatment. A multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to estimate the association of oral step-down with fosfomycin with CMC adjusted for confounders.[Results] Overall, 61 patients switched to oral fosfomycin trometamol and 47 to other drugs (cefuroxime axetil, 28; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 7 each; ciprofloxacin, 5) were included. CMC was reached by 48/61 patients (78.7%) treated with fosfomycin trometamol and 38/47 (80.9%) with other drugs (difference, −2.2; 95% CI: −17.5 to 13.1; P = 0.38). Subgroup analyses provided similar results. Relapses occurred in 9/61 (15.0%) and 2/47 (4.3%) of patients, respectively (P = 0.03). The adjusted OR for CMC was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.42–3.29, P = 0.75). No relevant differences in adverse events were seen.[Conclusions] Fosfomycin trometamol might be a reasonable option as step-down therapy in patients with BUTI due to MDR-Ec but the higher rate of relapses would need further assessment.This work was supported by Plan Nacional de I + D + i 2013–2016, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, co-funded by European Development Regional Fund ‘A way to achieve Europe’, Operative Program Intelligence Growth 2014–2020, via the following grants: PI 13/01282; CIBERINFEC (CB21/13/00002; 00006; 00009; 00012; 00049; 00054; 00068; 00084; 00099); and Spanish Clinical Research and Clinical Trials Platform (SCReN, PT17/0017/0012).Peer reviewe

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio