57 research outputs found
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Sn-Ti System
Summary.: The knowledge of phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties in the ternary Cu-Sn-Ti system is of technical importance for active brazing filler metals. Thermodynamic descriptions of the binary systems Cu-Ti and Cu-Sn are well established. In this work a self-consistent thermodynamic description of the Sn-Ti binary system has been obtained by fitting critically reviewed thermochemical and phase diagram data. The newest and most consistent lattice stability has been used, and all the intermetallic phases and recent experimental information have been taken into account. The equilibrium measurement on the Sn-rich side and more experimental thermodynamic properties are required for a better thermodynamic description of this system. The evaluated thermodynamic description of the Sn-Ti binary system will serve as part of the thermodynamic database for Cu-Sn-Ti brazing alloy
Critical evaluation of the FeeNi, FeeTi and FeeNieTi alloy systems
The FeeNieTi alloy system has been evaluated, together with FeeNi and FeeTi binary subsystems, to provide reliable information for applications and in view of a thermodynamic modelling of the system. Available literature has been critically evaluated, mainly considering phase constitution and phase equilibria, thermochemical and diffusion data, as well as ab initio atomistic calculations. A discussion of the presently available CALPHAD-type thermodynamic assessments is also presented. Finally, new experimental investigations needed to solve uncertain and contradictory data are suggested
Adenosine receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database
Adenosine receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Adenosine Receptors [103]) are activated by the endogenous ligand adenosine (potentially inosine also at A3 receptors). Crystal structures for the antagonist-bound [146, 305, 213, 55], agonist-bound [362, 196, 198] and G protein-bound A2A adenosine receptors [43] have been described. The structures of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor [123] and an adenosine-bound A1 receptor-Gi complex [80] have been resolved by cryo-electronmicroscopy. Another structure of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor obtained with X-ray crystallography has also been reported [51]
Adenosine receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.2
Adenosine receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Adenosine Receptors [110]) are activated by the endogenous ligand adenosine (potentially inosine also at A3 receptors). Crystal structures for the antagonist-bound [153, 313, 221, 61], agonist-bound [375, 203, 204] and G protein-bound A2A adenosine receptors [49] have been described. The structures of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor [128] and an adenosine-bound A1 receptor-Gi complex [86] have been resolved by cryo-electronmicroscopy. Another structure of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor obtained with X-ray crystallography has also been reported [57]. caffeine is a nonselective antagonist for adenosine receptors, while istradefylline, a selective A2A receptor antagonist, is on the market for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
Adenosine receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1
Adenosine receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Adenosine Receptors [112]) are activated by the endogenous ligand adenosine (potentially inosine also at A3 receptors). Crystal structures for the antagonist-bound [155, 316, 224, 62], agonist-bound [379, 205, 206] and G protein-bound A2A adenosine receptors [49] have been described. The structures of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor [130] and an adenosine-bound A1 receptor-Gi complex [87] have been resolved by cryo-electronmicroscopy. Another structure of an antagonist-bound A1 receptor obtained with X-ray crystallography has also been reported [58]. The structure of the A2B receptor has also been elucidated [57]. caffeine is a nonselective antagonist for adenosine receptors, while istradefylline, a selective A2A receptor antagonist, is on the market for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
Temporal processes in primeâmask interaction: Assessing perceptual consequences of masked information
Visual backward masking is frequently used to study the temporal dynamics of
visual perception. These dynamics may include the temporal features of conscious
percepts, as suggested, for instance, by the asynchronousâupdating model (Neumann, 1982) and perceptualâretouch
theory ((Bachmann, 1994). These models
predict that the perceptual latency of a visual backward mask is shorter than
that of a like reference stimulus that was not preceded by a masked stimulus.
The prediction has been confirmed by studies using temporalâorder judgments: For
certain asynchronies between mask and reference stimulus, temporalâorder
reversals are quite frequent (e.g. Scharlau,
& Neumann, 2003a). However, it may be argued that these
reversals were due to a response bias in favour of the mask rather than true
temporal-perceptual effects. I introduce two measures for assessing latency
effects that (1) are not prone to such a response bias, (2) allow to quantify
the latency gain, and (3) extend the perceptual evidence from order reversals to
duration/interval perception, that is, demonstrate that the perceived interval
between a mask and a reference stimulus may be shortened as well as prolonged by
the presence of a masked stimulus. Consequences for theories of visual masking
such as asynchronousâupdating, perceptualâretouch, and reentrant models are
discussed
Sensorimotor supremacy: Investigating conscious and unconscious vision by masked priming
According to the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis, conscious perception draws on
motor action. In the present report, we will sketch two lines of potential
development in the field of masking research based on the sensorimotor supremacy
hypothesis. In the first part of the report, evidence is reviewed that masked,
invisible stimuli can affect motor responses, attention shifts, and semantic
processes. After the review of the corresponding evidence â so-called masked
priming effects â an approach based on the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis is
detailed as to how the question of a unitary mechanism of unconscious vision can
be pursued by masked priming studies. In the second part of the report,
different models and theories of backward masking and masked priming are
reviewed. Types of models based on the sensorimotor hypothesis are discussed
that can take into account ways in which sensorimotor processes (reflected in
masked priming effects) can affect conscious vision under backward masking
conditions
Taxonomic and functional turnover are decoupled in European peat bogs
In peatland ecosystems, plant communities mediate a globally significant carbon store. The effects of global environmental change on plant assemblages are expected to be a factor in determining how ecosystem functions such as carbon uptake will respond. Using vegetation data from 56 Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs across Europe, we show that in these ecosystems plant species aggregate into two major clusters that are each defined by shared response to environmental conditions. Across environmental gradients, we find significant taxonomic turnover in both clusters. However, functional identity and functional redundancy of the community as a whole remain unchanged. This strongly suggests that in peat bogs, species turnover across environmental gradients is restricted to functionally similar species. Our results demonstrate that plant taxonomic and functional turnover are decoupled, which may allow these peat bogs to maintain ecosystem functioning when subject to future environmental change
The Importance of Spatial Autocorrelation for Regional Employment Growth in Germany
In analyzing the disparities of the regional developments in the volume of employment in Germany, in the recent empirical literature so called shift-share-regression-models are frequently applied. However, these models usually neglect spatial interdependencies, even though such interdependencies are likely to occur on a regional level. Therefore, this paper focuses on the importance of spatial dependencies using spatial autocorrelation in order to analyze regional employment development. Spatial dependency in the form of spatial lag, spatial error and cross regressive model are compared. The results indicate that the exogenous variables' spatial lag sufficiently explains the spatial autocorrelation of regional employment growth
Top-down contingent feature-specific orienting with and without awareness of the visual input
In the present article, the role of endogenous feature-specific orienting for
conscious and unconscious vision is reviewed. We start with an overview of
orienting. We proceed with a review of masking research, and the definition of
the criteria of experimental protocols that demonstrate endogenous and exogenous
orienting, respectively. Against this background of criteria, we assess studies
of unconscious orienting and come to the conclusion that so far studies of
unconscious orienting demonstrated endogenous feature-specific orienting. The
review closes with a discussion of the role of unconscious orienting in action
control
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