7 research outputs found
Bid/ask Spreads And The Costs Of Making Markets
- Publication venue
- Scholarship@Western
- Publication date
- 01/01/1993
- Field of study
Get PDFThe purpose of this thesis is to test the received explanations of the determinants of bid/ask spreads for common equity securities. This thesis employs trade-to-trade data for twenty-four securities listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) over the period from August, 1988 through December, 1992. The literature is extended by simultaneously modelling the cost components (inventory, asymmetric information, fixed, and search costs) and volatility of realized bid/ask spreads using an exponential autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (EARCH) framework. Because certain small trades on the TSE are auto-filled, registered traders do not always make a decision on trade involvement--some trades are non-discretionary. The theoretical model of spreads used in this thesis extends Glosten and Harris\u27 (52) (GH) model by distinguishing between non-discretionary (auto-filled) and discretionary trades to allow testing for differences in cost structures. Determination of the relative contribution of the various cost components is also based on GH.;The contributions of this thesis are threefold: (1) the costs of trading are dependent on the trade type--auto-filled versus discretionary; (2) the volatility of realized spreads is modelled as an exponential autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (EARCH) process which is a function of information flow; and (3) richer, more exact intra-daily data is used to eliminate problems currently recognized in the literature. The primary conclusions are: (1) for non-discretionary trades, the average cost per share per trade is {dollar}0.0683 of which 96\% is due to fixed costs and 4\% is an asymmetric information cost; (2)~for discretionary trades, the average cost is \{dollar}0.0273 of which 76% is fixed and 24% is information: and (3) search (liquidity) and inventory costs are not statistically different from 0. These results are consistent over three different sub-periods
TEN LIES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
- Author
- Adler Patricia A.
- Adler Patricia A.
- Atkinson Paul.
- Barnes J.A.
- Bartlett Frederick C.
- Becker Howard S.
- Becker Howard S.
- Bouton Jim.
- Bouton Jim.
- Bronfenbrenner Urie.
- Burawoy Michael
- Cassell Joan.
- Cesara Manda.
- Conaway Mary Ellen.
- Davis Dona.
- Douglas Jack.
- Erikson Kai.
- Fine G.A.
- Fine Gary Alan.
- Fine Gary Alan.
- Fine Gary Alan.
- Glaser Barney
- Glazer Myron.
- Gubrium Jaber.
- Hochschild Arlie Russell.
- Hughes Everett.
- Humphreys Laud.
- Jackson Jean.
- Johnson John M.
- Kennedy Stetson.
- King Stephen.
- Kleinman Sherryl.
- Lofland John F.
- Malinowski Bronislaw.
- McIntyre Alasdair.
- Peshkin Alan.
- Punch Maurice.
- Rabinow Paul.
- Reynolds Paul D.
- Richardson Laurel.
- Rollins Judith.
- Rose Dan.
- Rose Dan.
- Rosenthal Robert.
- Salzinger Leslie.
- Stoller Paul.
- Taylor Steven
- Turnbull Colin.
- Van Maanen John.
- Wax Murray L.
- Whitehead Tony Larry
- Wolf Margery.
- Publication venue
- 'SAGE Publications'
- Publication date
- Field of study
No full textMapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19
- Author
- Abdelrazik M.
- Abdullah T.
- Abe R.
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- Publication date
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- Field of study
Get PDFThe genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-191,2, host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases3–7. They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease
Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19
- Author
- Abd Elghafar Mohamed S.
- Abdel-Aziz Mahmoud
- Abdelrazik Marwa
- Abdollahi Hamed
- Abdullah T.
- Abecasis Goncalo
- Abedalthagafi M.
- Abel Lynn
- Abernathy C.
- Abraheem Azmeralde
- Abul-Husn Noura S.
- Acquilini D.
- Adams C.
- Adams Emma L.
- Adams K.
- Adamsara Alireza
- Adanini Olurenke
- Adeleye O.
- Adra D.
- Afilalo J.
- Afilalo M.
- Afolabi D.
- Afrasiabi Z.
- Agasou A.
- Agrawal Shruti
- Agüero D.
- Ahmad N.
- Ahmadi Saeideh
- Ahmed A.
- Ahmed Cecilia
- Akeroyd L.
- Akhtar M.N.
- Akinkugbe O.
- Aksentijevich Alexandra
- Al-Afghani H.
- Al-Awdah L.
- Alaamery M.
- Alahmadey Z.Z.
- Alaverdian D.
- Alavere H.
- Albader A.
- Albaiceta G.M.
- Albakri J.K.
- AlBardis H.
- Albeladi M.
- Albesher N.
- Albrich W.
- AlDhawi N.
- Aldridge J.
- Aleagha Afshar Etemadi
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- Åsvold Bjørn Olav
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2022
- Field of study
No full textAltres ajuts: Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC); Illumina; LifeArc; Medical Research Council (MRC); UKRI; Sepsis Research (the Fiona Elizabeth Agnew Trust); the Intensive Care Society, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (223164/Z/21/Z); BBSRC Institute Program Support Grant to the Roslin Institute (BBS/E/D/20002172, BBS/E/D/10002070, BBS/E/D/30002275); UKRI grants (MC_PC_20004, MC_PC_19025, MC_PC_1905, MRNO2995X/1); UK Research and Innovation (MC_PC_20029); the Wellcome PhD training fellowship for clinicians (204979/Z/16/Z); the Edinburgh Clinical Academic Track (ECAT) programme; the National Institute for Health Research, the Wellcome Trust; the MRC; Cancer Research UK; the DHSC; NHS England; the Smilow family; the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (CTSA award number UL1TR001878); the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; National Institute on Aging (NIA U01AG009740); the National Institute on Aging (RC2 AG036495, RC4 AG039029); the Common Fund of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health; NCI; NHGRI; NHLBI; NIDA; NIMH; NINDS.Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care or hospitalization after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes-including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)-in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease
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GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19
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- Publication venue
- Springer Nature
- Publication date
- 17/05/2023
- Field of study
Get PDFData availability: Downloadable summary data are available through the GenOMICC data site (https://genomicc.org/data). Summary statistics are available, but without the 23andMe summary statistics, except for the 10,000 most significant hits, for which full summary statistics are available. The full GWAS summary statistics for the 23andMe discovery dataset will be made available through 23andMe to qualified researchers under an agreement with 23andMe that protects the privacy of the 23andMe participants. For further information and to apply for access to the data, see the 23andMe website (https://research.23andMe.com/dataset-access/). All individual-level genotype and whole-genome sequencing data (for both academic and commercial uses) can be accessed through the UKRI/HDR UK Outbreak Data Analysis Platform (https://odap.ac.uk). A restricted dataset for a subset of GenOMICC participants is also available through the Genomics England data service. Monocyte RNA-seq data are available under the title ‘Monocyte gene expression data’ within the Oxford University Research Archives (https://doi.org/10.5287/ora-ko7q2nq66). Sequencing data will be made freely available to organizations and researchers to conduct research in accordance with the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research through a data access agreement. Sequencing data have been deposited at the European Genome–Phenome Archive (EGA), which is hosted by the EBI and the CRG, under accession number EGAS00001007111.Extended data figures and tables are available online at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06034-3#Sec21 .Supplementary information is available online at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06034-3#Sec22 .Code availability:
Code to calculate the imputation of P values on the basis of SNPs in linkage disequilibrium is available at GitHub (https://github.com/baillielab/GenOMICC_GWAS).Acknowledgements: We thank the members of the Banco Nacional de ADN and the GRA@CE cohort group; and the research participants and employees of 23andMe for making this work possible. A full list of contributors who have provided data that were collated in the HGI project, including previous iterations, is available online (https://www.covid19hg.org/acknowledgements).Change history: 11 July 2023: A Correction to this paper has been published at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06383-z. -- In the version of this article initially published, the name of Ana Margarita Baldión-Elorza, of the SCOURGE Consortium, appeared incorrectly (as Ana María Baldion) and has now been amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.Copyright © The Author(s) 2023, Critical illness in COVID-19 is an extreme and clinically homogeneous disease phenotype that we have previously shown1 to be highly efficient for discovery of genetic associations2. Despite the advanced stage of illness at presentation, we have shown that host genetics in patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 can identify immunomodulatory therapies with strong beneficial effects in this group3. Here we analyse 24,202 cases of COVID-19 with critical illness comprising a combination of microarray genotype and whole-genome sequencing data from cases of critical illness in the international GenOMICC (11,440 cases) study, combined with other studies recruiting hospitalized patients with a strong focus on severe and critical disease: ISARIC4C (676 cases) and the SCOURGE consortium (5,934 cases). To put these results in the context of existing work, we conduct a meta-analysis of the new GenOMICC genome-wide association study (GWAS) results with previously published data. We find 49 genome-wide significant associations, of which 16 have not been reported previously. To investigate the therapeutic implications of these findings, we infer the structural consequences of protein-coding variants, and combine our GWAS results with gene expression data using a monocyte transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) model, as well as gene and protein expression using Mendelian randomization. We identify potentially druggable targets in multiple systems, including inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).GenOMICC was funded by Sepsis Research (the Fiona Elizabeth Agnew Trust), the Intensive Care Society, a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (to J.K.B., 223164/Z/21/Z), the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), Illumina, LifeArc, the Medical Research Council, UKRI, a BBSRC Institute Program Support Grant to the Roslin Institute (BBS/E/D/20002172, BBS/E/D/10002070 and BBS/E/D/30002275) and UKRI grants MC_PC_20004, MC_PC_19025, MC_PC_1905 and MRNO2995X/1. A.D.B. acknowledges funding from the Wellcome PhD training fellowship for clinicians (204979/Z/16/Z), the Edinburgh Clinical Academic Track (ECAT) programme. This research is supported in part by the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant MC_PC_20029). Laboratory work was funded by a Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship to B.F. (201488/Z/16/Z). We acknowledge the staff at NHS Digital, Public Health England and the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre who provided clinical data on the participants; and the National Institute for Healthcare Research Clinical Research Network (NIHR CRN) and the Chief Scientist’s Office (Scotland), who facilitate recruitment into research studies in NHS hospitals, and to the global ISARIC and InFACT consortia. GenOMICC genotype controls were obtained using UK Biobank Resource under project 788 funded by Roslin Institute Strategic Programme Grants from the BBSRC (BBS/E/D/10002070 and BBS/E/D/30002275) and Health Data Research UK (HDR-9004 and HDR-9003). UK Biobank data were used in the GSMR analyses presented here under project 66982. The UK Biobank was established by the Wellcome Trust medical charity, Medical Research Council, Department of Health, Scottish Government and the Northwest Regional Development Agency. It has also had funding from the Welsh Assembly Government, British Heart Foundation and Diabetes UK. The work of L.K. was supported by an RCUK Innovation Fellowship from the National Productivity Investment Fund (MR/R026408/1). J.Y. is supported by the Westlake Education Foundation. SCOURGE is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20_00622 to A.C., PI20/00876 to C.F.), European Union (ERDF) ‘A way of making Europe’, Fundación Amancio Ortega, Banco de Santander (to A.C.), Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (CGIEU0000219140 ‘Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19’ to C.F.) and Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (PIFIISC20/57 to C.F.). We also acknowledge the contribution of the Centro National de Genotipado (CEGEN) and Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia (CESGA) for funding this project by providing supercomputing infrastructures. A.D.L. is a recipient of fellowships from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)-Brazil (309173/2019-1 and 201527/2020-0)
A second update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19
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- Wyllie DH
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- Yamada Y
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- Yang J
- Yaspan B
- Yassen AM
- Yasui Y
- Yates B
- Yatomi M
- Ye C
- Yermakovich D
- Yeung RSM
- Yi X
- Yonekawa A
- Yoo S
- Yoon K
- Yoshida K
- Yoshida S
- Yoshida S
- Yoshida T
- Yoshihara T
- Yoshiya K
- Yoshiyama T
- Young M
- Yue F
- Yun N
- Yáñez CE
- Yáñez Z
- Zainulabid UA
- Zainy T
- Zak A
- Zaki A
- Zamikula J
- Zamudio IPM
- Zanella A
- Zapata-Contreras D
- Zapatamartinez M
- Zarate R
- Zarei N
- Zavaleta DAF
- Zawadzki P
- Zawati MH
- Zborowski AC
- Zeberg H
- Zechner M
- Zhang Q
- Zhao X
- Zheng C
- Zheng T
- Zhlawi HJ
- Zhlawi MWJ
- Zholdybayeva E
- Zhou W
- Zhu W
- Zitter L
- Zoller H
- Zongo O
- Zorloni C
- Zuñiga-Pacheco P
- Zárate RN
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- Álvarez BG
- Ávila-Arcos MA
- Ávila-Arcos MC
- Özer O
- Überla K
- Þorsteinsdóttir U
- Publication venue
- Nature Research
- Publication date
- 21/06/2023
- Field of study
Get PDFMapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19
- Author
- Abdelrazik M
- Abdullah T
- Abe R
- Abe S
- Abecasis GR
- Abel L
- Abernathy C
- Abraheem A
- Abul-Husn NS
- Acosta-Herrera M
- Acquilini D
- Acquilini D
- Adachi T
- Adachi Y
- Adams C
- Adams K
- Adanini O
- Adeleye O
- Adeniji K
- Adra D
- Afifi N
- Afilalo J
- Afilalo M
- Afolabi D
- Afrasiabi Z
- Afset JE
- Agasou A
- Aghemo A
- Agranoff D
- Agrawal S
- Aguirre LA
- Agwuh K
- Ahmad HF
- Ahmad N
- Ahmed A
- Ahmed C
- Ahmed KA
- Ai M
- Ail D
- Akeroyd L
- Akhtar MN
- Akhtar S
- Akinkugbe O
- Aksentijevich A
- Al Thani A
- Al-Muftah W
- Al-Sarraj Y
- Alarcon C
- Alarcon-Riquelme ME
- Alasdair F
- Alaverdian D
- Alavere H
- Albertos R
- Albillos A
- Albrecht W
- Albrich W
- Albrich WC
- Aldera EL
- Aldridge J
- Alegria A
- Alex B
- Alexander P
- Alfonso J
- Algera AG
- Ali A
- Ali IMA
- Ali S
- Aliberti S
- Allan A
- Allan E
- Allan J
- Alldis Z
- Allen L
- Allen S
- Allibone S
- Allison KS
- Allos R
- Ally SM
- Almaden-Boyle C
- Altabaibeh A
- Altmueller J
- Alvaro A
- Amar D
- Amin V
- Amitrano S
- Amiya S
- Ampuero J
- Anan R
- Anania S
- Anastasescu E
- Anderson F
- Anderson J
- Anderson M
- Anderson P
- Anderson S
- Anderson S
- Anderson T
- Ando A
- Andolfo I
- Andrade V
- Andretta F
- Andreucci E
- Andreucci E
- Andrew A
- Andrew B
- Andrew G
- Andrews E
- Andrews SJ
- Andrews SJ
- Andrews SJ
- Andrews SJ
- Andrikopoulos P
- Anedda F
- Aneli S
- Anemoli V
- Angelini C
- Angus B
- Annis A
- Antcliffe D
- Antinori A
- Antoni MD
- Anumakonda V
- Anwar M
- Anzai T
- Apetri E
- Arai D
- Arana E
- Arbane G
- Archer K
- Arciero E
- Arden T
- Arias SS
- Arif S
- Arimura K
- Armstrong J
- Armstrong JA
- Armstrong L
- Armstrong R
- Arning N
- Arnold S
- Arora J
- Artuso R
- Arumugam P
- Asakura T
- Asano K
- Aschard H
- Ascolillo S
- Ashish A
- Ashley E
- Ashraf S
- Ashraf S
- Ashton L
- Ashworth M
- Asiimwe IG
- Aslibekyan S
- Asselta R
- Atanasovska B
- Atkinson D
- Atkinson EG
- Attwood B
- Aucella F
- Augustin M
- Auld D
- Auld F
- Austin K
- Austin P
- Auton A
- Auton A
- Avendano-Ortiz J
- Awano N
- Ayers A
- Azarzar S
- Aziz F
- Azuma M
- Azuure C
- Azzolini E
- Baba R
- Baba T
- Bach B
- Bacher P
- Bachetti T
- Badalamenti S
- Badia JR
- Badji RM
- Bahmer T
- Baikady RR
- Baillie JK
- Baillie JK
- Baillie JK
- Baillie JK
- Baines B
- Baines D
- Baines K
- Baird T
- Baird Y
- Bakshi S
- Bakthavatsalam D
- Balaconis MK
- Baldassarri M
- Baldini M
- Ball CA
- Bals R
- Baltzell AH
- Bamford A
- Bamford P
- Banach D
- Banagan J
- Banales JM
- Bancroft H
- Band G
- Bandera A
- Bandini M
- Bandla N
- Bano S
- Baptista D
- Barada O
- Baras A
- Baratti S
- Barber R
- Barbieri C
- Barbieri C
- Barbour A
- Barclay L
- Barclay WS
- Barda B
- Bargagli E
- Bari S
- Barker J
- Barlow G
- Barlow SL
- Barnass S
- Barnes KC
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- Baroni S
- Barreira A
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- Barrett KMS
- Barrett N
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- Bartels M
- Bartley S
- Baruah R
- Baselli G
- Bashyal A
- Basikolo C
- Bassetti M
- Bassford C
- Basso MEF
- Bastion V
- Basude S
- Bates H
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- Battle C
- Bauchmuller K
- Bax D
- Baxter D
- Baxter N
- Baya N
- Bayo L-A
- Beadle J
- Beadsworth M
- Beale R
- Bean S
- Beaumont K
- Beavis S
- Beck A
- Beckmann ND
- Beech E
- Beech V
- Beekes M
- Beesley K
- Begg C
- Beguin Y
- Behan T
- Beith CM
- Belagodu Z
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- De la Horra C
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- zu Bentrup FM
- Zucchi P
- Zwinderman AHK
- Zyndorf M
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
Get PDFThe genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-191,2, host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases3,4,5,6,7. They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease
