Las calificaciones del Consejo de Censura Cinematográfica de Chile entre 1960 y 1973. Un estudio sobre la cambiante recepción cinematográfica

The goal of this text is to quantitatively describe the work of the Chilean Film Censorship Board between 1960 and 1973 (period framed by the validity of Decree n°37 of 1959), based on the information of more than six thousand film rating documents. It is argued that the classification of films by the Board focused on the exclusion of minors, rather than total banning of contents. However, there was a wide variation in the ratings based on factors such as government period, distributors, cinematographic topics and members of the Board, which indicates that the CCC did not display a homogeneous and immutable work during the analyzed period.El objetivo de este texto es describir cuantitativamente el trabajo del Consejo de Censura Cinematográfica de Chile entre 1960 y 1973 (período enmarcado por la vigencia del Decreto n°37 de 1959), a partir de la información contenida en más de seis mil actas de calificación de largometrajes. Se sostiene que la clasificación de películas por parte del Consejo se enfocó en la exclusión de los públicos menores de edad, más que en la prohibición total de contenidos. Sin embargo, se observó una amplia variación de las calificaciones en función de factores como período de gobierno, compañía distribuidora, tópicos cinematográficos e integrantes del Consejo, lo que apunta a que el CCC no desplegó una labor homogénea e inmutable en el período analizado

Social workers’ socio-occupational insertion in Chile’s Ministry of Housing and Urbanism

Introducción. Este artículo presenta resultados exploratorios del análisis de la inserción socio-ocupacional de trabajadoras/es sociales en el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo de Chile (MINVU) de Chile, para contribuir al debate sobre el lugar y las funciones que el trabajo social asume en este ámbito de intervención. El análisis se plantea desde una perspectiva histórico-crítica que entiende que el debate teórico-conceptual está íntimamente ligado a la dimensión ético-política de la profesión, que la profesión media entre intereses de clase que se encuentran tensionados, y que trabajadoras/es sociales son parte de la clase trabajadora. Se asume también una concepción crítica del espacio, que lo concibe como una dimensión no meramente física, y como un producto de tensiones y luchas sociales. Las preguntas de investigación fueron las siguientes: ¿cuáles son las condiciones laborales objetivas de los/as trabajadores/as sociales contratados por el MINVU? y ¿cómo es comprendido el lugar que ocupan en el MINVU las/os trabajadoras/es sociales que allí se desempeñan, considerando los procesos de legitimación de roles, desafíos, alcances y límites de la acción profesional? Metodología. Se aplicó una estrategia metodológica mixta, diferenciando las finalidades de las aproximaciones cuantitativa (aspectos objetivos) y cualitativa (aspectos subjetivos). En lo cuantitativo se analizó descriptivamente una base de datos elaborada a partir de la información publicada en el mes de diciembre del año 2020 en el portal de transparencia activa del Estado de Chile, que permitió identificar la totalidad de los empleados del MINVU en modalidad contrata y planta (N=5.569) e información sobre sus condiciones de trabajo. En lo cualitativo, se aplicó análisis de contenido a 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadoras sociales que se encuentran trabajando o han trabajado en el MINVU. Resultados. En cuanto a condiciones materiales de inserción socioocupacional, Trabajo Social representa el 11% de la fuerza de trabajo del MINVU, más que cualquier otra profesión de las ciencias sociales, aunque un salario mediano más bajo y menor presencia en roles directivos. Las funciones asumidas se vinculan principalmente con campamentos, barrios y desarrollo urbano y vivienda, en tareas de intermediación entre ingenierías, arquitectura y la población usuaria. El análisis cualitativo muestra un proceso de inserción y legitimación gradual de la profesión al interior del MINVU, marcado por una estructura institucional «generizada» y prejuicios de género. Existe un creciente diálogo interdisciplinario, especialmente con arquitectura. Sin embargo, la formación recibida sobre asuntos espaciales en pregrado es escasa o inexistente. A pesar de ello, en términos generales, las profesionales desdeñan la teoría, aunque reconocen la necesidad de innovación metodológica. Discusión. Se observa la relevancia de entender las trayectorias individuales como expresión de trayectorias profesionales colectivas que, en este caso, han estado afectadas por desigualdades y prejuicios de género, pero con posibilidades de proponer intervenciones críticas. Conclusiones. Se plantean desafíos teóricos, metodológicos y políticos para el trabajo social: es necesario reconocer la emergencia de un campo de las espacialidades en la intervención social, y el trabajo social territorial como una especialidad profesional. En este contexto, una perspectiva histórico-crítica de la profesión ayudará a contribuir a procesos de transformación socio-espacial.Introduction. The present study focused on the socio-occupational insertion of social workers in Chile’s Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (MINVU). The exploratory results of the analysis contribute to the debate on the place of social work inside the MINVU and the functions of social work in this intervention area. Based on a historic-critical social work approach, the theoretical debate can be linked to the ethical-political dimension of the profession. The profession can also be understood to mediate social class interests and struggles, and that social workers are equally working class. In addition, from a critical spatial perspective, space was understood not merely from a physical viewpoint but also as a product of social struggles. We addressed the following research questions: What are the objective labour conditions of MINVU social workers? And how is the social worker’s position considered inside the MINVU in terms of role legitimation, challenges, as well as the scope and limits of their professional action? Methodology. A mixed methods study was conducted, differentiating the objects of quantitative analysis (objective aspects) and qualitative analysis (subjective aspects). In the quantitative analysis, a descriptive analysis was conducted based on an official state database on the number of employees at the MINVU (N=5.569) and labour conditions. The qualitative analysis centred on ten semi-structured interviews with social workers who had working experience within the MINVU. Results. Regarding material socio-occupational insertion conditions, social workers represented 11% of the MINVU labour force, i.e., more than other social science professions. Nevertheless, social workers had a lower average salary and were less represented in management positions. Their functions were related to informal settlements, neighbourhoods, urban development, and housing, as well as establishing bridges between engineering and architecture and the users’ communities. The qualitative analysis showed a gradual profession insertion and legitimation process within the MINVU, affected by a gendered institutional structure and gender prejudices. Interdisciplinary dialogues were growing, especially with architects. However, undergraduate education on spatial issues among the professionals was scarce or inexistent. For this reason, the theory was not valued by practitioners, though the latter did recognise the need for methodological innovation. Discussion. Understanding individual trajectories was found to be a relevant means of expression of collective professional trajectories. In the present case, such trajectories were affected by gender inequalities and prejudices. Moreover, several opportunities for critical interventions were detected. Conclusions. Social work practitioners and scholars are facing a number of theoretical, methodological, and political challenges. It is necessary to acknowledge the new academic field of social intervention spatiality and territorial social work as a professional speciality. In this way, adopting a historic-critical perspective in social work would contribute to socio-spatial transformation processes

Un mapa de los vastos dominios del “señor se“

El pronombre reflexivo se y las muy diversas construcciones en las que participa es uno de los contenidos más difíciles del español. En este trabajo exponemos con un enfoque práctico las conclusiones a las que hemos llegado a partir de la aplicación de los principios de la gramática cognitiva a la práctica en el aula. El objetivo final de nuestro trabajo es responder a las preguntas más recurrentes de nuestros alumnos sobre este aspecto: “¿Cómo puedo saber cuándo tengo que usar se?” “¿Por qué me corriges este se?

Group motivational intervention in overweight/obese patients in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the primary healthcare area

Background The global mortality caused by cardiovascular disease increases with weight. The Framingham study showed that obesity is a cardiovascular risk factor independent of other risks such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking. Moreover, the main problem in the management of weight-loss is its maintenance, if it is achieved. We have designed a study to determine whether a group motivational intervention, together with current clinical practice, is more efficient than the latter alone in the treatment of overweight and obesity, for initial weight loss and essentially to achieve maintenance of the weight achieved; and, secondly, to know if this intervention is more effective for reducing cardiovascular risk factors associated with overweight and obesity. Methods This 26-month follow up multi-centre trial, will include 1200 overweight/obese patients. Random assignment of the intervention by Basic Health Areas (BHA): two geographically separate groups have been created, one of which receives group motivational intervention (group intervention), delivered by a nurse trained by an expert phsychologist, in 32 group sessions, 1 to 12 fortnightly, and 13 to 32, monthly, on top of their standard program of diet, exercise, and the other (control group), receiving the usual follow up, with regular visits every 3 months. Discussion By addressing currently unanswered questions regarding the maintenance in weight loss in obesity/overweight, upon the expected completion of participant follow-up in 2012, the IMOAP trial should document, for the first time, the benefits of a motivational intervention as a treatment tool of weight loss in a primary care setting

Adaptación al bilingüismo del material docente de prácticas de Zoología

El objetivo principal de este proyecto de innovación docente es la adaptación al bilingüismo, concretamente al inglés, del material de prácticas (presenciales y virtuales) de la asignatura de Zoología del grado de Biología. Este objetivo se enmarca dentro del actual proceso de internacionalización de la UGR, que en el caso concreto del grado de Biología se ha iniciado el curso académico 2021/2022 con algunas asignaturas impartidas en inglés. Aunque el bilingüismo en la asignatura de Zoología se ha retrasado hasta el curso 2022/2023.Universidad de Granad

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

La coherencia existente entre las prácticas de gestión pedagógica y de aula con el marco curricular vigente en la asignatura de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales desde 1° a 8° básico en el Liceo Municipal Juan Rusque Portal de la comuna de Nogales

Tesis (Magíster en Desarrollo Curricular y Proyectos Educativos)Desde el año 2009, el Ministerio de Educación comienza una transformación en el currículum nacional con la implementación de las Bases Curriculares, nuevo paradigma curricular que instala lo tridimensional de los aprendizajes. La siguiente tesis de grado determina el estado de implementación de este nuevo marco curricular en la asignatura de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales en Educación Básica en el Liceo Juan Rusque Portal de Nogales. El enfoque de esta investigación es cuantitativo, realizando un estudio descriptivo no experimental transeccional correlacional no causal al observar un fenómeno en su contexto natural y recolectar datos sin manipular ninguna variable. La muestra es no probabilista, está determinada por una característica, para efectos de esta investigación, docentes que imparten la asignatura de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales en Educación Básica. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos se puede evidenciar que la mayoría de los docentes del establecimiento seleccionado no instalan de manera competente las Bases Curriculares vigentes