The Charge Form Factor of the Neutron at Low Momentum Transfer from the 2H⃗(e⃗,e′n)p^{2}\vec{\rm H}(\vec{\rm e},{\rm e}'{\rm n}){\rm p} Reaction

We report new measurements of the neutron charge form factor at low momentum transfer using quasielastic electrodisintegration of the deuteron. Longitudinally polarized electrons at an energy of 850 MeV were scattered from an isotopically pure, highly polarized deuterium gas target. The scattered electrons and coincident neutrons were measured by the Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid (BLAST) detector. The neutron form factor ratio $G^{n}_{E}/G^{n}_{M}$ was extracted from the beam-target vector asymmetry $A_{ed}^{V}$ at four-momentum transfers $Q^{2}=0.14$, 0.20, 0.29 and 0.42 (GeV/c)$^{2}$.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Measurement of the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio from \vec ^1H(\vec e, e'p)

We report the first precision measurement of the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio from spin-dependent elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from a polarized hydrogen internal gas target. The measurement was performed at the MIT-Bates South Hall Ring over a range of four-momentum transfer squared $Q^2$ from 0.15 to 0.65 (GeV/c)$^2$. Significantly improved results on the proton electric and magnetic form factors are obtained in combination with previous cross-section data on elastic electron-proton scattering in the same $Q^2$ region.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to PR

Observation of Parity Nonconservation in Moller Scattering

We report a measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in fixed target electron-electron (Moller) scattering: A_PV = -175 +/- 30 (stat.) +/- 20 (syst.) parts per billion. This first direct observation of parity nonconservation in Moller scattering leads to a measurement of the electron's weak charge at low energy Q^e_W = -0.053 +/- 0.011. This is consistent with the Standard Model expectation at the current level of precision: sin^2\theta_W(M_Z)_MSbar = 0.2293 +/- 0.0024 (stat.) +/- 0.0016 (syst.) +/- 0.0006 (theory).Comment: Version 3 is the same as version 2. These versions contain minor text changes from referee comments and a change in the extracted value of Q^e_W and sin^2\theta_W due to a change in the theoretical calculation of the bremsstrahulung correction (ref. 16

New Measurement of Parity Violation in Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering and Implications for Strange Form Factors

We have measured the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from the proton. The result is A = -15.05 +- 0.98(stat) +- 0.56(syst) ppm at the kinematic point theta_lab = 12.3 degrees and Q^2 = 0.477 (GeV/c)^2. The measurement implies that the value for the strange form factor (G_E^s + 0.392 G_M^s) = 0.025 +- 0.020 +- 0.014, where the first error is experimental and the second arises from the uncertainties in electromagnetic form factors. This measurement is the first fixed-target parity violation experiment that used either a `strained' GaAs photocathode to produce highly polarized electrons or a Compton polarimeter to continuously monitor the electron beam polarization.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, Tex, elsart.cls; revised version as accepted for Phys. Lett.

Rotavirus group : a genotype circulation patterns across Kenya before and after nationwide vaccine introduction, 2010-2018

Background Kenya introduced the monovalent G1P [8] Rotarix® vaccine into the infant immunization schedule in July 2014. We examined trends in rotavirus group A (RVA) genotype distribution pre- (January 2010–June 2014) and post- (July 2014–December 2018) RVA vaccine introduction. Methods Stool samples were collected from children aged < 13 years from four surveillance sites across Kenya: Kilifi County Hospital, Tabitha Clinic Nairobi, Lwak Mission Hospital, and Siaya County Referral Hospital (children aged < 5 years only). Samples were screened for RVA using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and VP7 and VP4 genes sequenced to infer genotypes. Results We genotyped 614 samples in pre-vaccine and 261 in post-vaccine introduction periods. During the pre-vaccine introduction period, the most frequent RVA genotypes were G1P [8] (45.8%), G8P [4] (15.8%), G9P [8] (13.2%), G2P [4] (7.0%) and G3P [6] (3.1%). In the post-vaccine introduction period, the most frequent genotypes were G1P [8] (52.1%), G2P [4] (20.7%) and G3P [8] (16.1%). Predominant genotypes varied by year and site in both pre and post-vaccine periods. Temporal genotype patterns showed an increase in prevalence of vaccine heterotypic genotypes, such as the commonly DS-1-like G2P [4] (7.0 to 20.7%, P < .001) and G3P [8] (1.3 to 16.1%, P < .001) genotypes in the post-vaccine introduction period. Additionally, we observed a decline in prevalence of genotypes G8P [4] (15.8 to 0.4%, P < .001) and G9P [8] (13.2 to 5.4%, P < .001) in the post-vaccine introduction period. Phylogenetic analysis of genotype G1P [8], revealed circulation of strains of lineages G1-I, G1-II and P [8]-1, P [8]-III and P [8]-IV. Considerable genetic diversity was observed between the pre and post-vaccine strains, evidenced by distinct clusters. Conclusion Genotype prevalence varied from before to after vaccine introduction. Such observations emphasize the need for long-term surveillance to monitor vaccine impact. These changes may represent natural secular variation or possible immuno-epidemiological changes arising from the introduction of the vaccine. Full genome sequencing could provide insights into post-vaccine evolutionary pressures and antigenic diversity

Physiological parameters for Prognosis in Abdominal Sepsis (PIPAS) Study : a WSES observational study

BackgroundTiming and adequacy of peritoneal source control are the most important pillars in the management of patients with acute peritonitis. Therefore, early prognostic evaluation of acute peritonitis is paramount to assess the severity and establish a prompt and appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to identify clinical and laboratory predictors for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute peritonitis and to develop a warning score system, based on easily recognizable and assessable variables, globally accepted.MethodsThis worldwide multicentre observational study included 153 surgical departments across 56 countries over a 4-month study period between February 1, 2018, and May 31, 2018.ResultsA total of 3137 patients were included, with 1815 (57.9%) men and 1322 (42.1%) women, with a median age of 47years (interquartile range [IQR] 28-66). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 8.9%, with a median length of stay of 6days (IQR 4-10). Using multivariable logistic regression, independent variables associated with in-hospital mortality were identified: age > 80years, malignancy, severe cardiovascular disease, severe chronic kidney disease, respiratory rate >= 22 breaths/min, systolic blood pressure 4mmol/l. These variables were used to create the PIPAS Severity Score, a bedside early warning score for patients with acute peritonitis. The overall mortality was 2.9% for patients who had scores of 0-1, 22.7% for those who had scores of 2-3, 46.8% for those who had scores of 4-5, and 86.7% for those who have scores of 7-8.ConclusionsThe simple PIPAS Severity Score can be used on a global level and can help clinicians to identify patients at high risk for treatment failure and mortality.Peer reviewe

New national and regional bryophyte records, 19

Stefanut, Sorin/0000-0002-1061-8942; Stefanut, Sorin/0000-0002-1061-8942; Sergio, Cecilia/0000-0001-5145-5329; Cykowska-Marzencka, Beata/0000-0002-5468-4909; Hespanhol, Helena/0000-0002-8109-8112; ROS, ROSA M/0000-0003-2115-2911; Rams Sanchez, Susana/0000-0002-6508-0860; Seneca, Ana/0000-0002-1737-8670; Bakalin, Vadim A./0000-0001-7897-4305; ROS, ROSA M./0000-0003-2115-2911; Piatek, Marcin/0000-0002-4968-2861; Piatek, Jolanta/0000-0002-3707-8966; Bednarek-Ochyra, Halina/0000-0002-6994-8313; Ochyra, Ryszard/0000-0002-2541-0722WOS: 000260057500011…Russian FoundationRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [06-05-64137]; FEB RASRussian Academy of Sciences [06-III-A-06-153, 06-III-B-06-190]; Russian Science Support FoundationRussian Science Foundation (RSF); Polish Ministry of Science and Higher EducationMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland [N 303 063 32/2264, 2 P04G 043 29]; Government of the Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government [0021620828]; Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Espana (Spanish Foreign Office) [AECI: A/6307/06]; FCT, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a TecnologiaPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [SFRH/BD/13058/2003]; Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic [RP/6/2005]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-2404]; US National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-0103795]; Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y CienciaSpanish Government [AP2001-0304]; NATFORMAN; Institute of Biology, Bucharest [1.3]The research of V. A. Bakalin was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (06-05-64137), FEB RAS (06-III-A-06-153, 06-III-B-06-190) and the Russian Science Support Foundation. H. Bednarek-Ochyra and R. Ochyra are grateful to the Curators at GRO, PRE and UBC for arranging specimens on loan and their studies have gained financial support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through grants No. N 303 063 32/2264 for H. Bednarek-Ochyra and No. 2 P04G 043 29 for R. Ochyra. The field work of R. Ochyra on Iles Crozet was organized by Marc Lebouvier, Paimpont, within the programme 136 ECOBIO of the French Polar Institute (IPEV), and his facilities are gratefully acknowledged. J. Vana has received financial support for his research from the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Czech Republic through grant No. 0021620828. The research of E. Fuertes was funded by the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Espana (Spanish Foreign Office), Project AECI: A/6307/06. H. Hespanhol, A. Seneca and C. Sergio wish to thank Jesus Munoz for confirmation of material of Grimmia reflexidens and G. tergestina. Their study was financially supported by FCT, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, through PhD Grant No. SFRH/BD/13058/2003. Z. Hradilek is greatly indebted to the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (Development Programme, Project Altay, no. RP/6/2005) for its support. T. Keceli, G. Abay, G. Uyar and B. Cetin gratefully acknowledge the financial support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TBAG-2404). D. G. Long wishes to acknowledge support for field work in China on the Biotic Survey of Gaoligong Shan project by the US National Science Foundation grant DEB-0103795. The research of S. Rams & R. M. Ros has been carried out with financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (AP2001-0304 grant). Z. Soldan is indebted to the organizers of the Ecoandes Expedition in 2000 which enabled him to collect bryophytes in Ecuador. S. Stefanut, is grateful to J. Vana for confirming the identity of Scapania gymnostomophila and acknowledges support in Romania by the NATFORMAN project and the Institute of Biology, Bucharest (Project 1.3). O. T. Yayintas, is very grateful to Missouri Botanical Garden for the opportunity to work at MO. Special thanks are due to Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University for supporting his sabbatical