142 research outputs found
The Path to Implementation of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for People Involved in Criminal Justice Systems
The criminal justice (CJ)-involved population in the United States (US) is among the most vulnerable to and heavily impacted by HIV. HIV prevalence is three to five times higher among incarcerated populations than in the general population and one in seven people living with HIV (PLH) pass through CJ systems each year. Among racial and ethnic minorities, HIV and incarceration are even more closely intertwined: one of every five HIV-infected black or Hispanic/Latino adults passes through CJ systems annually
Age of first arrest varies by gambling status in a cohort of young adults
Background and Objectives: To describe the association between social and problem gambling and first criminal arrest by age 23 in a cohort of urban, mainly African-American youth. Methods: Data for this study were derived from several annual interviews being completed on a community sample of 617 participants during late adolescence until age 23. Information on gambling status, engagement in deviant behaviors, illegal drug use, and arrest history were collected through yearly interviews. Analysis was carried out using NelsonâAalen cumulative hazard models and simple and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Results: More problem gamblers had been arrested before age 23 than social gamblers and non-gamblers, ie, 65% of problem gamblers were arrested before age 23, compared to 38% of social gamblers and 24% non-gamblers. Social gambling was only significantly associated with the hazard of first arrest by age 23 in the unadjusted model (HR: 1.6, pâ<â.001), but not after adjustment for covariates (HR: 1.1, pâ=â.47). Problem gambling was significantly associated with the hazard of first arrest by age 23 years in the unadjusted (HR: 3.6, pâ<â.001) and adjusted models (HR: 1.6, pâ=â.05). Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Problem gambling was significantly associated with earlier age of being arrested. Dilution effects after adjustment for several deviant behaviors and illegal drug use by age 17 suggest that youth exposure to certain common factors may result in engagement in multiple risky behaviors, including problem gambling. Studies are needed to investigate the developmental pathways that lead to these combined behaviors among youth
Interventions for drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental health problems
Background
This review represents one from a family of three reviews focusing on interventions for drugâusing offenders. Many people under the care of the criminal justice system have coâoccurring mental health problems and drug misuse problems; it is important to identify the most effective treatments for this vulnerable population.
Objectives
To assess the effectiveness of interventions for drugâusing offenders with coâoccurring mental health problems in reducing criminal activity or drug use, or both.
This review addresses the following questions.
⢠Does any treatment for drugâusing offenders with coâoccurring mental health problems reduce drug use?
⢠Does any treatment for drugâusing offenders with coâoccurring mental health problems reduce criminal activity?
⢠Does the treatment setting (court, community, prison/secure establishment) affect intervention outcome(s)?
⢠Does the type of treatment affect treatment outcome(s)?
Search methods
We searched 12 databases up to February 2019 and checked the reference lists of included studies. We contacted experts in the field for further information.
Selection criteria
We included randomised controlled trials designed to prevent relapse of drug use and/or criminal activity among drugâusing offenders with coâoccurring mental health problems.
Data collection and analysis
We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane .
Main results
We included 13 studies with a total of 2606 participants. Interventions were delivered in prison (eight studies; 61%), in court (two studies; 15%), in the community (two studies; 15%), or at a medium secure hospital (one study; 8%). Main sources of bias were unclear risk of selection bias and high risk of detection bias.
Four studies compared a therapeutic community intervention versus (1) treatment as usual (two studies; 266 participants), providing moderateâcertainty evidence that participants who received the intervention were less likely to be involved in subsequent criminal activity (risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 0.84) or returned to prison (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.67); (2) a cognitiveâbehavioural therapy (one study; 314 participants), reporting no significant reduction in selfâreported drug use (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.32), reâarrest for any type of crime (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.09), criminal activity (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.05), or drugârelated crime (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.36), yielding lowâcertainty evidence; and (3) a waiting list control (one study; 478 participants), showing a significant reduction in return to prison for those people engaging in the therapeutic community (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.79), providing moderateâcertainty evidence.
One study (235 participants) compared a mental health treatment court with an assertive case management model versus treatment as usual, showing no significant reduction at 12 months' followâup on an Addictive Severity Index (ASI) selfâreport of drug use (mean difference (MD) 0.00, 95% CI â0.03 to 0.03), conviction for a new crime (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.22), or reâincarceration to jail (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.01), providing lowâcertainty evidence.
Four studies compared motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills with relaxation therapy (one study), a waiting list control (one study), or treatment as usual (two studies). In comparison to relaxation training, one study reported narrative information on marijuana use at threeâmonth followâup assessment. Researchers reported a main effect < .007 with participants in the motivational interviewing group, showing fewer problems than participants in the relaxation training group, with moderateâcertainty evidence. In comparison to a waiting list control, one study reported no significant reduction in selfâreported drug use based on the ASI (MD â0.04, 95% CI â0.37 to 0.29) and on abstinence from drug use (RR 2.89, 95% CI 0.73 to 11.43), presenting lowâcertainty evidence at six months (31 participants). In comparison to treatment as usual, two studies (with 40 participants) found no significant reduction in frequency of marijuana use at three months post release (MD â1.05, 95% CI â2.39 to 0.29) nor time to first arrest (MD 0.87, 95% CI â0.12 to 1.86), along with a small reduction in frequency of reâarrest (MD â0.66, 95% CI â1.31 to â0.01) up to 36 months, yielding lowâcertainty evidence; the other study with 80 participants found no significant reduction in positive drug screens at 12 months (MD â0.7, 95% CI â3.5 to 2.1), providing very lowâcertainty evidence.
Two studies reported on the use of multiâsystemic therapy involving juveniles and families versus treatment as usual and adolescent substance abuse therapy. In comparing treatment as usual, researchers found no significant reduction up to seven months in drug dependence on the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) score (MD â0.22, 95% CI â2.51 to 2.07) nor in arrests (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.36), providing lowâcertainty evidence (156 participants). In comparison to an adolescent substance abuse therapy, one study (112 participants) found significant reduction in reâarrests up to 24 months (MD 0.24, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.28), based on lowâcertainty evidence.
One study (38 participants) reported on the use of interpersonal psychotherapy in comparison to a psychoeducational intervention. Investigators found no significant reduction in selfâreported drug use at three months (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.50), providing very lowâcertainty evidence. The final study (29 participants) compared legal defence service and wrapâaround social work services versus legal defence service only and found no significant reductions in the number of new offences committed at 12 months (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.07 to 6.01), yielding very lowâcertainty evidence.
Authors' conclusions
Therapeutic community interventions and mental health treatment courts may help people to reduce subsequent drug use and/or criminal activity. For other interventions such as interpersonal psychotherapy, multiâsystemic therapy, legal defence wrapâaround services, and motivational interviewing, the evidence is more uncertain. Studies showed a high degree of variation, warranting a degree of caution in interpreting the magnitude of effect and the direction of benefit for treatment outcomes
Rapid Creation of Child Telemental Health Services During COVID-19 to Promote Continued Care for Underserved Children and Families
Predictors of detention among juveniles referred for a court clinic forensic evaluation.
The Behavioral Health Needs of First-Time Offending Justice-Involved Youth: Substance Use, Sexual Risk and Mental Health.
Depressive Symptoms, Illicit Drug Use and HIV/STI Risk Among Sexual Minority Young Adults.
Bringing juvenile justice and public health systems together to meet the sexual and reproductive health needs of justice-involved youth.
Outcomes of a family-based HIV prevention intervention for substance using juvenile offenders.
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