‘Good Farmer’ Values and How They Affect the Path to a Sustainable Agriculture

Conventional agriculture is unsustainable on several levels and therefore a change has to take place. This study focuses on the central ’good farmer’ values of conventional farmers and how these values affect the path to a sustainable agriculture. An analysis of ’good farmer’ values of conventional farmers was carried out on the basis of a literatur study and interviews with conventional Gotlandic farmers. The analysis showed that some of these values conflicted with sustainable agriculture, while others did not. It was mainly the visible symbols of being a ’good farmer’ that inhibited the implementation of sustainable practices along with the small economic margins most conventional farmers have. The study concludes that ’good farmer’ values can be a key element in the change of conventional agriculture, if these values are shifted towards sustainable ones. This shift can be facilitated by establishing new social contexts for the farmers and changing the structures of the current food systems

Exploring Cognitive Aspects of Competence in Sign Language Interpreting of Dialogues: First Impressions

Sign language interpreting of dialogues shares many features with the interpreting of dialogues between non-signed languages. We argue that from a cognitive perspective in dialogue interpreting, despite some differences between the two types of interpreting, sign language interpreters use many of the same processes and handle similar challenges as interpreters between non-signed languages. We report on a first exploration of process differences in sign language interpreting between three novice and three experienced Swedish Sign Language interpreters. The informants all interpreted the same dialogue and made a retrospection of their interpreting immediately after the task. Retrospections were analyzed using tools for identifying reported processing problems, instances of monitoring, and strategy use (see Ivanova 1999). Furthermore, the interpreting products (both into Swedish Sign Language and into Swedish) and their differences were qualitatively analyzed. The results indicate that there are differences between the two groups, both in terms of the retrospective reports and in terms of the interpreting product. As expected, monitoring seems to be a factor determined by experience. The experienced interpreters seemed to have more efficient ways of handling turn taking and the internalization of new vocabulary. The study also concludes that to use instruments devised for simultaneous conference interpreting (Ivanova 1999; Tiselius 2013), the instruments need to be adapted to the dialogue setting, even though in the case of sign language interpreting the simultaneous interpreting technique is used even in dialogue interpreting

Making the Most of Retrospective Process Tracing in Dialogue Interpreting Research

Abstract: Retrospective verbal process tracing is a popular research method in Interpreting Studies, employed by a growing number of scholars, particularly in studies of conference interpreting, but, to date, it has not been widely employed in studies of dialogue interpreting. This paper begins by introducing process-tracing methodologies, defining types of verbal process tracing, and presenting a brief critical review of publications employing this research methodology. The bulk of the article provides concrete, practical information and guidance for scholars of dialogue interpreting who are interested in employing retrospective process tracing in their research. We discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the method, methodological considerations that must be taken into account in the design and procedure of such studies, data analysis and reporting on the basis of retrospective process tracing, and recommendations for best practices.Resumen: El seguimiento retrospectivo verbal de procesos se utiliza cada vez más en los Estudios de Interpretación, sobre todo en la interpretación de conferencias. Con todo, este método se ha utilizado poco hasta la fecha en el campo de la interpretación bilateral. En la primera parte de este artículo, presentaremos los métodos de seguimiento de procesos, definiremos los tipos de seguimiento verbal de procesos y examinaremos brevemente algunos estudios que han empleado estos métodos. El objetivo principal es ofrecer recomendaciones concretas y prácticas que puedan resultar útiles para aquellos investigadores en interpretación bilateral que se interesen por estos métodos. Presentaremos las bases teóricas, las consideraciones metodológicas relevantes para el diseño y el procedimiento de tales estudios, el proceso de análisis y presentación de los datos obtenidos a través del seguimiento retrospectivo y algunas recomendaciones de buenas prácticas

Retrospection in interpreting and translation: explaining the process?

Retrospection is one of the few research methods equally suitable for studying the processes involved in both translation and interpreting. At the first workshop on research methods in process-oriented research (Graz 2009), we presented the results of a pilot study of retrospection as a research method, published as Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius (2009). The study involved data from two groups (15 years of professional experience vs. no professional experience), each with 3+3 subjects (interpreter subjects vs. translator subjects, all with Swedish as their L1). The source text was a 10-minute plenary speech in English from the European Parliament, interpreted simultaneously into Swedish. For the translation data, the translator subjects translated the original European Parliament transcript of the speech, 1,093 words, using Translog. After the task, subjects did immediate retrospection. The first analysis of the data indicated that a challenge when using retrospection is that subjects tend to report having forgotten about some of their processes. In this paper we report an analysis of the process data in relation to the retrospective protocols. Our focus is on reported problems and the occurrences of problem indicators in the process. It was found that most reported problems are confirmed by the presence of problem indicators in the process. However, the majority of problem indicators found in the process do not correspond to any reported problem. Hence, the subjects’ problem reports can only explain a limited number of the potential problems in the process. The need for further research into retrospection as a research method in Translation Studies is pointed out.La retrospección es uno de los pocos métodos de investigación igualmente adecuados para estudiar los procesos de traducción y de interpretación. En el primer taller sobre métodos de investigación de procesos (Graz 2009), se presentaron los resultados de un estudio piloto sobre la retrospección como método de investigación, publicado como Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius ( 2009) . El estudio incluía datos de dos grupos (15 años de experiencia profesional frente a inexperiencia profesional), cada uno con 3+3 sujetos (intérpretes y traductores, todos con sueco como L1). El texto original era un discurso de 10 minutos en inglés del Parlamento Europeo, interpretado simultáneamente al sueco. Para la traducción, los sujetos traductores usaron la transcripción original del discurso, de 1.093 palabras, usando Translog. Tras la tarea, los sujetos efectuaron retrospección inmediata. El primer análisis de los datos indicó que un reto al usar la retrospección es que los sujetos tienden a informar que han olvidado algunos de sus procesos. Este trabajo presenta un análisis de los datos del proceso en relación con los protocolos retrospectivos. Nuestra atención se ha centrado en contrastar los problemas declarados con las ocurrencias de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. Encontramos que la mayoría de los problemas declarados se confirman por la presencia de indicadores de problemas en el proceso. No obstante, la mayoría de los indicadores de problemas que se encontraron en el proceso no se corresponden con ningún problema declarado. Por lo tanto, los informes de problemas de los sujetos sólo pueden explicar un número limitado de los problemas potenciales del proceso. Ello apunta a la necesidad de seguir investigando la retrospección como método de investigación en los estudios de traducción

Reflexiones y recomendaciones sobre el uso de métodos retrospectivos verbales en la investigación en interpretación bilateral

Retrospective verbal process tracing is a popular research method in Interpreting Studies, employed by a growing number of scholars, particularly in studies of conference interpreting, but, to date, it has not been widely employed in studies of dialogue interpreting. This paper begins by introducing process-tracing methodologies, defining types of verbal process tracing, and presenting a brief critical review of publications employing this research methodology. The bulk of the article provides concrete, practical information and guidance for scholars of dialogue interpreting who are interested in employing retrospective process tracing in their research. We discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the method, methodological considerations that must be taken into account in the design and procedure of such studies, data analysis and reporting on the basis of retrospective process tracing, and recommendations for best practices.El seguimiento retrospectivo verbal de procesos se utiliza cada vez más en los Estudios de Interpretación, sobre todo en lainterpretación de conferencias. Con todo, este método se hautilizado poco hasta la fecha en el campo de la interpretación bilateral. En la primera parte de este artículo,presentaremos los métodos de seguimiento de procesos, definiremos los tipos de seguimiento verbal de procesos y examinaremos brevemente algunos estudios que han empleado estos métodos. El objetivo principal es ofrecer recomendaciones concretas y prácticas que puedan resultar útiles para aquellos investigadores en interpretación bilateral que se interesen por estos métodos. Presentaremos las bases teóricas, las consideraciones metodológicas relevantes para el diseño y el procedimiento de tales estudios, el proceso de análisis y presentación de los datos obtenidos a través del seguimiento retrospectivo y algunas recomendaciones de buenas prácticas

Sensory capabilities and food capture of two small copepods, Paracalanus parvus and Pseudocalanus sp.

10 pages, 7 figuraes, 3 tablesDetection, handling, and selection of prey are key features of suspension-feeding copepods. Using high-speed video, we determined detection distances and durations of all elements of the food gathering process in two small calanoid copepods, Paracalanus parvus and Pseudocalanus sp. Animals were freely swimming and presented with various phytoplankton species with equivalent spherical diameters ranging from 7 µm to 33 µm. Prey detection occurred very close—within a few cell radii—to the second antennae (53% of the cases) or the maxilliped (42%). There was no effect of prey size on detection distance, but larger prey caused a significantly longer handling time. Post-detection processing of the cells was exceedingly fast. The time from detection to the cell being placed at the mouth lasted 35 ± 19 ms and rejection of unwanted cells 61 ± 21 ms. Grooming of antennules and carapace occurred intermittently and lasted 215–227 ms. The weak feeding current and fast response of the copepods allowed ample time for detection of cells entrained in the feeding current and no distant olfaction was observed. Modeled effect of cell size on cell surface concentration of cue chemicals show that only cells with a radius larger than ∼ 15 µm may be detected chemically and that only very much larger and/or very leaky cells can be detected at distance. Copepods have elaborate and exceedingly fast handling techniques that allow effective prey detection and capture, but there is no evidence of remote chemically mediated sensing when feeding on algal cells up to a size of 35 µmThis is a contribution to the Baltic Zooplankton Cascades (BAZOOCA) project funded by the Baltic Organizations Network for funding Science (BONUS), the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS; project 210-2008-1882 to PT), the Danish Council for Independent Research (10-085278 to TK), and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2011-23480 to ES)Peer reviewe