MARKETING STRATEGY OF GHARAR BUSINESS SCHEMES: Mystery Box on E-Commerce Shopee Platform

ABSTRACT Mystery box sale and purchase have developed into a fraudulent area, the prices and goods obtained are not appropriate, so consumers feel at a loss. This study aims to determine the marketing strategy and sales mechanism of the mystery box. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with the type of research used in this study being observation by examining mystery box products in Shopee. Based on the results of the analysis carried out on the Shopee application, two types of keywords were found. The first keyword is the Mystery Box and the second keyword is the "Misteri Box" both have different product categories. There are ±27,000 products entitled mystery box and ±14,678 products with the name mystery box. So, it can be concluded that most of the sellers use titles with the keyword "mystery box". Mystery box on the Shopee site can be categorized as a marketing strategy that uses marketing segmentation without differentiating the market (Undifferentiated Marketing) and targeting in the form of full market coverage/mass market targeting.   ABSTRAK Jual beli mystery box berkembang menjadi sebuah lahan penipuan, harga dan barang yang didapat tidak sesuai sehingga konsumen merasa rugi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi marketing dan mekanisme penjualan dari mystery box. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif melalui pendekatan observasi pada produk mystery box yang ada di Shopee. Bedasarkan dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan pada aplikasi Shopee ditemukan dua jenis kata kunci, pertama adalah “Mystery box” dan kata kunci kedua adalah “Misteri Box”. Keduanya memiliki kategori produk berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 27.000 produk yang muncul jika menggunakan kata kunci “mystery box” dan terdapat terdapat 7.000 produk jika menggunakan kata kunci “misteri Box”. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan jika kebanyakan dari penjual lebih banyak menggunakan judul dengan kata kunci “mystery box”. Strategi pemasaran produk mystery box di Shopee dapat dikategorikan sebagai strategi marketing yang menggunakan segmentasi pemasaran tanpa membedakan pasar (Undifferentiated Marketing) dan targeting berupa cakupan pasar penuh (full market coverage/mass market targeting)

PENAMBATAN MOLEKUL SENYAWA VOLATIL EKSTRAK DIKLOROMETANA SAMBILOTO TERHADAP JALUR PENSINYAL EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR: Penambatan Molekul Senyawa Volatil Ekstrak Diklorometana Sambiloto Terhadap Onkoprotein Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

EGFR oncoprotein has been commonly studied in combating cell cancer development. However, until this moment the EGFR inhibitors were reported to cause other health issues. Plant extracts are trusted as the potential inhibitor of EGFR expression level without affect our health. We previously observed seventeen volatile compounds in the dichloromethane extract of Andrographis paniculata. Our objective was to analyze the interaction of volatile compounds from the dichloromethane extract of Andrographis paniculata on human EGFR pathway. In silico technique with ligand-receptor molecular docking was used in this study. The structure of volatile compounds was set as the ligands. EGFR, PIK3CA, KRAS-GTP, BRAF V600E, and AKT protein structures were assigned as the receptors. PyRx and Biovia Discovery Studio were used in this docking study. Drug-likeness and lead-likeness properties were appraised by SwissADME and Pre-ADME/Tox web tools. Beta-amyrin and stigmasterol showed the highest binding affinity to EGFR oncoproteins. PIK3CA, AKT, and KRAS-GTP, BRAF V600E was bound to beta-amyrin and stigmasterol, respectively. Those compounds structurally showed drug-likeness and non-mutagenic. Briefly, beta-amyrin and stigmasterol will be potentially used as the inhibitors of selected oncoproteins. In vitro technique and animal model are suggested to be performed to validate the mutagenic mechanisms of beta-amyrin and stigmastero

Source and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Sediment from Chalong Bay, Phuket, Thailand

This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution and apportionment of potential sources of the 16 US-EPA priority PAHs in surface sediments of Chalong Bay, Phuket, Thailand. A total 28 of sediment samples were collected from areas with high maritime activity in Chalong Bay, subjected to conventional high recovery Soxhlet extraction, purified with SiO2 column chromatography, and quantified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Total concentration of PAHs (Σ16PAHs) ranged from 31.15 to 1696 ng g−1 dry weight, with an average of 198.2 ± 318.5 ng g−1 dry weight. Binary diagnostic ratios plots were used to distinguish between petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Most of the PAHs in sediments originated from pyrolytic sources. PCA analysis explained 82.3 % of the variance by only 4 predominant components. The first principal component (PC1) (26.7 %) was mainly contributed to urban street runoff and municipal wastewater discharge. PC2 (25.8 %) represented vehicular combustion sources, PC3 (19.1 %) was attributed to petrogenic sources, and PC4 (10.7 %) was only associated with Naphthalene. The sources of PAHs distributed around Chalong Bay included oil spills, combustion of fossil fuels by shipping, urban street runoff, and municipal wastewater discharge. Each type of sources affected different locations along shores of Chalong Bay. 

Spatial Distribution of Bioavailable Metal Concentrations and Total Metal Concentration-depth Relationship along the Sediment Profile within Phuket Bay

Heavy metals in coastal sediments can adversely affect human health and the environment. The distribution and metal bioavailability of Pb and Zn in 21 sediment samples collected from Phuket Bay, Phuket, Thailand using the first-two steps of sequential extraction proposed by the Standards, Measurements and Testing programme (known as BCR) was determined. The results showed that Pb formed weak complexes contributing up to 11.2% to 33% of its total concentration (1.7 to 7.5 mg kg-1) in the first fraction (BCR1), while Zn in the BCR1 fraction ranged from 4.9% to 9.9%. The results suggest that Pb could easily enter the food chain and the main cause of heavy metal contamination is related to local anthropogenic activities and effects of urbanization in the region, such as the ferry terminal, boatyards, and other maritime activities. Meanwhile, the enrichment factors of the metals showed minor to moderately severe enrichment. The metal concentration-depth relationship along the sediment profile showed metal concen-tration in each layer of the sediment core ranging from 45.4 to 88 mg Zn kg-1 and from 12.7 to 44.5 mg Pb kg-1. Based on the changes in heavy metal accumulation in the sediment core, and the calculated the enrichment factor versus depth, these allowed us to understand the historical variability in pollutant linked to past activities in Phuket Bay

Anticancer mechanism of 7-α-hydroxyfrullanolide on microtubules and computational prediction of its target binding in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) responds poorly to the available drugs; thus, the mortality rate associated with TNBC remains high. 7-α-Hydroxyfrullanolide (7HF) possesses anticancer properties and arrests cells in the G2/M-phase via modulation of several proteins involved in the G2/M-phase transition, as well as the mitotic checkpoint in MDA-MB-468 (TNBC) cells. Microtubules (MTs) dynamically regulate cell division in the G2/M phase and are related to cancer cell stress response. However, antimitotic drug cytotoxicity to multiple cancer resistance developed in response to drugs are obstacles faced to date. Here, the activity and mechanism via which 7HF controls MTs dynamics was investigated in MDA-MB-468 cells. Methods 7HF uptake by MDA-MB-468 cells was assessed using spectrophotometry. The drug-like properties of 7HF were predicted using the Swiss-absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) webtool. Then, the effect of 7HF treatment (6, 12, and 24 µM) on the dynamic arrangement of MTs was assessed for 1, 12, and 24 h using indirect immunofluorescence. Polymerization of α- and β-tubulin was assessed using different 7HF concentrations in a cell-free system for 1 h. Cell proliferation assay with bromodeoxyuridine plus propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry was performed at different 7HF concentrations and time points. The mechanism of action was assessed by detecting the expression of proteins, including Bub3, cyclin B1, p-Cdk1 (Tyr15), Rb, p-Rb (Ser780), Chk1, p-Chk1 (Ser345), Chk2, p-Chk2 (Ser516), and p-H2AX (Ser139), using western blotting. Molecular docking was used to predict the molecular interactions between 7HF and tubulins in MTs. Results We observed that 7HF was able to enter the MDA-MB-468 cells. The ADME webtool analysis predicted that it possesses the high passive permeation and gastrointestinal absorption properties of drugs. Various concentrations of 7HF disrupted the dynamic arrangement of spindle MTs by causing radial spindle array shrinkage and expansion of fibrous spindle density and radial array lengths in a time-dependent manner. 7HF reduced polymerization of α-, β-tubulin in dose-dependent manner. 7HF also triggered DNA damage response by inducing G2/M and G1 phase arrests in a concentration and time-dependent manner, which occurred due to the upregulation of Bub3, Chk1, p-Chk1 (Ser345), p-Cdk1 (Tyr15), and cyclin B1. According to molecular docking analysis, 7HF preferred to bind to β-tubulin over α-tubulin. The lactone, ketone, and hydroxyl groups of 7HF supported the 7HF-tubulin interactions. Hydrogen bonding with a hydrocarbon ring and salt bridge attractive forces were responsible for the binding versatility of 7HF. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate the molecular mechanism, MTs interacting sites, and the internalization and drug-like properties of 7HF in TNBC cells. The findings will be useful for developing 7HF-based treatment for patients with TNBC

Enhanced light absorption due to the mixing state of black carbon in fresh biomass burning emissions

lack of information on the radiative effects of refractory black carbon (rBC) emitted from biomass burning is a significant gap in our understanding of climate change. A custom-made combustion chamber was used to simulate the open burning of crop residues and investigate the impacts of rBC size and mixing state on the particles' optical properties. Average rBC mass median diameters ranged from 141 to 162 nm for the rBC produced from different types of crop residues. The number fraction of thickly-coated rBC varied from 53 to 64%, suggesting that a majority of the freshly emitted rBC were internally mixed. By comparing the result of observed mass absorption cross-section to that calculated with Mie theory, large light absorption enhancement factors (1.7-1.9) were found for coated particles relative to uncoated cores. These effects were strongly positively correlated with the percentage of coated particles but independent of rBC core size. We suggest that rBC from open biomass burning may have strong impact on air pollution and radiative forcing immediately after their production

The relationship between redox enzyme activity and electrochemical potential—cellular and mechanistic implications from protein film electrochemistry

In protein film electrochemistry a redox protein of interest is studied as an electroactive film adsorbed on an electrode surface. For redox enzymes this configuration allows quantification of the relationship between catalytic activity and electrochemical potential. Considered as a function of enzyme environment, i.e., pH, substrate concentration etc., the activity–potential relationship provides a fingerprint of activity unique to a given enzyme. Here we consider the nature of the activity–potential relationship in terms of both its cellular impact and its origin in the structure and catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. We propose that the activity–potential relationship of a redox enzyme is tuned to facilitate cellular function and highlight opportunities to test this hypothesis through computational, structural, biochemical and cellular studies

Fast electron transfer through a single molecule natively structured redox protein

The electron transfer properties of proteins are normally measured as molecularly averaged ensembles. Through these and related measurements, proteins are widely regarded as macroscopically insulating materials. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), we present new measurements of the conductance through single-molecules of the electron transfer protein cytochrome b562 in its native conformation, under pseudo-physiological conditions. This is achieved by thiol (SH) linker pairs at opposite ends of the molecule through protein engineering, resulting in defined covalent contact between a gold surface and a platinum–iridium STM tip. Two different orientations of the linkers were examined: a long-axis configuration (SH-LA) and a short-axis configuration (SH-SA). In each case, the molecular conductance could be ‘gated’ through electrochemical control of the heme redox state. Reproducible and remarkably high conductance was observed in this relatively complex electron transfer system, with single-molecule conductance values peaking around 18 nS and 12 nS for the SH-SA and SH-LA cytochrome b562 molecules near zero electrochemical overpotential. This strongly points to the important role of the heme co-factor bound to the natively structured protein. We suggest that the two-step model of protein electron transfer in the STM geometry requires a multi-electron transfer to explain such a high conductance. The model also yields a low value for the reorganisation energy, implying that solvent reorganisation is largely absent