Cariology education in Canadian dental schools: where are we? Where do we need to go?

The aim of this study was to document cariology education across Canadian dental schools. Ten faculty members who supervise cariology education at each of the ten Canadian dental schools were invited to participate in the study in 2016. An adapted version of the European Organization for Caries Research-Association for Dental Education in Europe cariology curriculum group questionnaire was used. Representatives of all ten dental schools completed the questionnaire, for a 100% response rate. In four schools, cariology and restorative dentistry were taught by the same department. Five schools had didactic/ laboratory courses focusing primarily on cariology as well as a specific written curriculum. Six schools provided cariologyrelated hands-on workshops/laboratories before students started working with patients. In teaching cariology, seven institutions included dental hard tissues defects. The following caries detection methods were addressed didactically in cariology education: visual (10/10 total schools), tactile (9/10), International Caries Detection and Assessment System criteria (6/10), caries activity assessment (9/10), radiographic (10/10), and other detection tools (8/10). Seven schools charted activity of carious lesions in clinic. Only one school used the concept of caries risk assessment regularly in clinic. Clinical cariology teaching was carried out mostly by private dentists hired as clinical instructors (7/10) and faculty members involved in didactic cariology education (9/10). Calibration of faculty members for caries detection criteria was reported by only one school. The main concern reported by all institutions was the difficulty of implementing didactic instruction on cariology into clinical training. This study found that contemporary cariology concepts are in the process of being implemented in didactic education across Canadian dental schools, but all schools lacked appropriate integration of cariology education into clinical training. These findings suggest a need for harmonization of evidence-based cariology education in Canada

FEATURES OF THE INTERNAL PATTERN OF THE DEFECT IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

Ideas about the internal defect pattern are studied in this article. The internal pattern of a defect is a set of ideas and feelings of a person about the defect. It is a mechanism of personality development and a factor of adaptation or disadaptation of the personality. Studies of the internal pattern of the defect in modern clinical and special psychology are episodic. In modern studies, attention is paid to a greater extent to the study of the specifics of the emotional, relational component, other components of the internal pattern of the defect are not sufficiently studied. However, they are of great importance for the formation of the internal defect pattern and I-concept as a whole.The analysis of the results of the study of the Self-concept of primary school children with visual impairment is presented in the article. Features of the main components of the internal picture of the defect are presented in the work. Specific features of cognitive, physical, emotional components are established in the course of research. Contradictions are revealed in cognitive and physical components. Two types of emotional response to the defect were found in children: ignoring and compensatory. The motivational sphere of children with severe visual impairment is affected by the defect. The relationship between the specifics of the components of the internal pattern of the defect and the features of the formation of the Self-concept is assumed.

Consecutive interpreting training in groups of foreign students by means of LCT and ICT technologies

This paper focuses on teaching consecutive interpreting to foreign students (in Chinese-English language pair), by means of the use of new linguistic computer technologies (LCT) and information and communication technologies (ICT). These include: Moodle, MOOC, Flipped classroom, Tag cloud, Scratch, which have the potential to train and develop skills not only directly in the process of education, but also over the further professional life, regardless of the location of future linguists and interpreters

THE IMAGE OF THE PARENT FAMILY OF ADULTS WITH MENTAL DISABILITIES

Тhe article is devoted to the study of the image of the parent family of adults with mental disabilities, as this problem is little studied in modern psychology. Sample: 39 people with mental disorders aged 18 to 47 years. Research method: clinical semi-structured interview and projective methods. The results indicate that the majority of adults with mental disorders were brought up in families: 44% - in a full family, 12% - only with the mother, 3% - in the families of grandparents. Many of them continue to live with their parents and now. Communication in the family is often evaluated positively, memories are associated with parents or other family members. The respondents of this group experienced the death of loved ones. 41% of adults with mental disorders were sent by parents to special boarding schools, while half of them never saw their parents and did not communicate with them, and 14% were familiar with their parents, but had a negative experience with them. They noted generally positive plots, but they extremely seldom were connected with a family. At the same time, negative memories are often associated with the family. Respondents of both groups distinguish not only the positive characteristics of parents, but also note the importance of joint activities. The obtained data can be successfully used as a basis for further study of the relationship of the image of the parent family with the subjective well - being of adults with intellectual disabilities, as well as the development of the main targets of the psychotherapeutic process

Tree diversity patterns along the latitudinal gradient in the northwestern Russia

Background One of the key forest characteristics is the biodiversity, particularly the diversity of trees which are forest ecosystem engineers. Nowadays the most worldwide common approach for assessment of forest conditions and dynamics is based on the systematic monitoring, performed at a set of regularly structured plots. To fulfill the existing gap in this sort of knowledge on the Russian forests, an extensive study of tree species diversity on a regular network was conducted in north-west of Russia. Methods The study used the ICP Forests monitoring network that spans over 1700 km along the western Russian border from forest-tundra in the north to broadleaved-coniferous forests in the south. Tree data were collected at 710 sites that were assigned along a regular grid. We performed series of statistical analyses of the tree species distribution and diversity in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors. Results According to the Maxent species distribution modelling results only Pinus sylvestris, Betula sp. and Picea abies have the potential to grow throughout the study area. The locally maximum tree species diversity varies along the latitudinal gradient from 1 to 3 species in the north to 5–7 species in the south. Monocultural stands are relatively abundant across the study area, being especially common in the south taiga. The prevailing part of the monocultural stands is represented by Scots pine (72%). The age distribution of dominant trees has a clear connection with the intensity of forest use. We found that recent wildfire events had only little effect on tree diversity in the study area. Conclusions We demonstrated that ICP Forests monitoring network enables to successfully establish the main qualitative and quantitative relations of the spatial variation of tree species diversity to climatic, landscape, soil and anthropogenic factors. Analysis of the influence of these factors on tree species distribution allowed us to conclude that with the continuing trend of reducing the frequency and intensity of fires, Norway spruce will further replace Scots pine and Betula sp. in the north-western Russia. Extending the monitoring network, especially adding the time-series context, could provide novel appealing opportunities for forest dynamics projection and sustainable management.Peer reviewe

Problems of Creating a Favorable Investment Climate in Russian Regions

The purpose of this paper is to identify the budget- and tax-related problems as may occasionally arise from the interaction of federal and sub-federal authorities hampering the growth of the investment attractiveness of regions, and to develop recommendations on their solution. To this end, a system of indicators and a typological scale have been developed to rank the Russian Federation subjects according to efforts of their regional authorities to build up local tax bases.  To provide conditions for “holding” an investor in the territory of a federal subject for a long-term period, it is suggested that the existing subsidy rules be supplemented with tax characteristics. The taxing powers of regions in providing territory-oriented tax incentives are analyzed. The weak points of the powers division that lead to distortion of the local tax competition are identified along with the proposal of measures towards their elimination. Keywords: Budgetary subsidies; tax incentives; favorable investment climate; tax competition. JEL Classifications: H2, O16, R4

EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats

Aim: The EUNIS Habitat Classification is a widely used reference framework for European habitat types (habitats), but it lacks formal definitions of individual habitats that would enable their unequivocal identification. Our goal was to develop a tool for assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the EUNIS system, use it to classify a European vegetation‐plot database, and compile statistically‐derived characteristic species combinations and distribution maps for these habitats. Location: Europe. Methods: We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which contains definitions of individual EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. Each habitat was formally defined as a formula in a computer language combining algebraic and set‐theoretic concepts with formal logical operators. We applied this expert system to classify 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and other databases. Then we determined diagnostic, constant and dominant species for each habitat by calculating species‐to‐habitat fidelity and constancy (occurrence frequency) in the classified data set. Finally, we mapped the plot locations for each habitat. Results: Formal definitions were developed for 199 habitats at Level 3 of the EUNIS hierarchy, including 25 coastal, 18 wetland, 55 grassland, 43 shrubland, 46 forest and 12 man‐made habitats. The expert system classified 1,125,121 vegetation plots to these habitat groups and 73,188 to other habitats, while 63,064 plots remained unclassified or were classified to more than one habitat. Data on each habitat were summarized in factsheets containing habitat description, distribution map, corresponding syntaxa and characteristic species combination. Conclusions: EUNIS habitats were characterized for the first time in terms of their species composition and distribution, based on a classification of a European database of vegetation plots using the newly developed electronic expert system EUNIS‐ESy. The data provided and the expert system have considerable potential for future use in European nature conservation planning, monitoring and assessment

A comparison of treatment choices when dental caries lesions are diagnosed with two visual-tactile systems the Nyvad and ICDAS II+LAA

Aim: The aim of this randomized cross-over study was to evaluate the reproducibility and differences in diagnostic and treatment outcomes by practicing dental clinicians previously inexperienced in using the Nyvad criteria and the ICDAS II criteria with Lesion Activity Assessment system (ICDAS II+LAA). Methods: Four volunteer dentists were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Both groups of dentists examined the same voluntary sample (n=140) of caries active young adults using the Nyvad and the ICDAS II+LAA criteria in different sequences. The first group used the Nyvad criteria during period I, followed by ICDAS II+LAA during period II; the second group did the examinations in the opposite sequence. Before the period 1 and 2 examinations, dentists from both groups were trained with the Nyvad or the ICDAS II+LAA criteria, depending on the group in which they were assigned. Results: Intra-examiner agreement for the severity diagnostic threshold was high for both diagnostic instruments (weighted Kappa 0.62-0.80). For the D1 (active) diagnostic threshold, the intra-examiner unweighted Kappa values were 0.31-0.61 for the ICDAS II+LAA and 0.36-0.51 for the Nyvad. The mean number of active non-cavitated carious lesions was significantly higher for the ICDAS II+LAA (6.14, SD±5.4) than for the Nyvad criteria (3.90, SD±3.9; p<0.0001). Active cavitated/dentinal carious lesions were significantly higher for the ICDAS II+LAA (4.14, SD±4.1) than for the Nyvad criteria (2.13, SD±3.1; p<0.0001). The mean number of operative treatment decisions per surface was 1.53 (95% CI 1.43-1.65) times higher for the ICDAS II+LAA than for the Nyvad. The mean number of non-operative treatment decisions was 1.59 (95% CI 1.51-1.68) times higher for the ICDAS II+LAA than for the Nyvad. Conclusion: Both the Nyvad and the ICDAS II+LAA diagnostic systems showed high reproducibility for the lesion severity assessment. The use of the ICDAS II+LAA diagnostic system may result in more treatment, both operative and non-operative in a high caries risk population. A long-term study is needed to determine the costs and health effects with both diagnostic systems. Trial registration: ISRCTN65592532.Objectif: L'objectif de cette étude randomisée de type "crossover" était d'évaluer la reproductibilité et les différences dans la détermination des diagnostics et des traitements choisis, par des dentistes praticiens initialement inexpérimentés dans l'utilisation des critères Nyvad et des critères ICDAS II avec le système d'évaluation d'activité des lésions (ICDAS II + LAA). Méthodes: Quatre dentistes volontaires ont été répartis au hasard en deux groupes. Les deux groupes de dentistes ont examiné le même groupe volontaire de jeunes adultes (n = 140) ayant un risque élevé pour la carie dentaire, en utilisant les critères Nyvad et ICDAS II + LAA dans des séquences différentes. Le premier groupe a utilisé les critères Nyvad pendant la période I, suivie par ICDAS II + LAA pendant la période II ; le deuxième groupe a effectué les examens dans l'ordre inverse. Avant les périodes d'examens 1 et 2, les dentistes des deux groupes avaient été formés avec les critères Nyvad ou II ICDAS + LAA en fonction du groupe dans lequel ils avaient été affectés. Résultats:La concordance intra-examinateur pour le seuil de sévérité des diagnostics s'est avérée élevée pour les deux instruments de diagnostic (Kappa pondéré de 0.62 à 0.80). Pour seuil de diagnostic de la D1 (active), des valeurs Kappa non pondérée intra-examinateur étaient de 0.31 à 0.61 pour le ICDAS II + LAA et de 0.36 à 0.51 pour le Nyvad. Le nombre moyen de lésions carieuses actives non-cavitaires était significativement plus élevé pour le ICDAS II + LAA (6.14, SD ± 5.4) que pour le Nyvad (3.90, SD ± 3.9, p <0.0001). Des lésions actives cavitaires/de la dentine, étaient significativement plus nombreuses pour le ICDAS II + LAA (4.14, SD ± 4.1) que pour le Nyvad (2.13, SD ± 3.1, p <0.0001). Le nombre moyen de décisions de traitement opératoire par surface était 1.53 fois (IC 95% 1.43 à 1.65) plus élevé pour le ICDAS II + LAA que pour le Nyvad. Le nombre moyen de décisions de traitement non opératoire était 1.59 fois (IC 95% 1.51 à 1.68) plus élevé pour le ICDAS II + LAA que pour le Nyvad. Conclusion: Les deux systèmes de diagnostic (Nyvad et ICDAS II + LAA) ont démontré une reproductibilité élevée pour l'évaluation de la sévérité des lésions. L'utilisation du système de diagnostic ICDAS II + LAA peut entraîner plus de décisions de traitements à la fois opératoires et non opératoires pour une population ayant un risque élevé pour la carie dentaire,. Une étude à long terme est nécessaire pour déterminer les coûts et les effets sur la santé, que pourrais avoir l'utilisation des deux systèmes de diagnostic. L'enregistrement des essais: ISRCTN65592532