Quadro epdiemiológico das mortes súbitas na infância em cidades gaúchas (Brasil)

All post-perinatal infant deaths occurring within a one-year period in 10 cities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre included, were investigated in a case-control study. Seventy-two sudden infant deaths (SID) were identified through a complex monitoring system. These were investigated in detail through medical interviews with the children's parents and through the review of medical records. Such deaths were more common in males, during the first three months of life, and in the winter. The comparison of each case with two neighborhood control infants through multiple conditional logistic regression identified the following risk factors: low socio-economic level (measured by family income and maternal education), low birthweight, presence of other children in the household, low maternal age, maternal smoking, and mixed or artificial feeding. None of the 72 deaths had been certified as such by the physicians who filled in the death certificates, the majority of which referred to "bronchopneumonia" as the undereying cause.Foram investigados os óbitos infantis pós-perinatais ocorridos no período de um ano, em 10 cidades gaúchas, incluindo a região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, por meio de estudo de casos e controles. Setenta e duas mortes súbitas na infância (MSI) foram identificadas através de amplo sistema de monitorização de óbitos e investigadas em pormenores através de entrevistas médicas com os pais da criança e revisão de prontuários ambulatoriais e hospitalares. Os óbitos foram mais comuns em meninos, no primeiro trimestre de vida e durante o inverno. A comparação de cada caso de MSI com duas crianças-controle da mesma vizinhança, através de regressão logística condicional múltipla, identificou os seguintes fatores de risco: baixo nível socioeconômico (medido através da renda familiar e da escolaridade materna), baixo peso ao nascer, presença de outras crianças no domicílio, mães jovens e fumantes e aleitamento misto ou artificial. Nenhuma das 72 MSI foi reconhecida como tal pelos médicos que preencheram os atestados de óbito, sendo as mesmas atribuídas predominantemente a "broncopneumonias"

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19.

Host-mediated lung inflammation is present1, and drives mortality2, in the critical illness caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Host genetic variants associated with critical illness may identify mechanistic targets for therapeutic development3. Here we report the results of the GenOMICC (Genetics Of Mortality In Critical Care) genome-wide association study in 2,244 critically ill patients with COVID-19 from 208 UK intensive care units. We have identified and replicated the following new genome-wide significant associations: on chromosome 12q24.13 (rs10735079, P = 1.65 × 10-8) in a gene cluster that encodes antiviral restriction enzyme activators (OAS1, OAS2 and OAS3); on chromosome 19p13.2 (rs74956615, P = 2.3 × 10-8) near the gene that encodes tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2); on chromosome 19p13.3 (rs2109069, P = 3.98 ×  10-12) within the gene that encodes dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9); and on chromosome 21q22.1 (rs2236757, P = 4.99 × 10-8) in the interferon receptor gene IFNAR2. We identified potential targets for repurposing of licensed medications: using Mendelian randomization, we found evidence that low expression of IFNAR2, or high expression of TYK2, are associated with life-threatening disease; and transcriptome-wide association in lung tissue revealed that high expression of the monocyte-macrophage chemotactic receptor CCR2 is associated with severe COVID-19. Our results identify robust genetic signals relating to key host antiviral defence mechanisms and mediators of inflammatory organ damage in COVID-19. Both mechanisms may be amenable to targeted treatment with existing drugs. However, large-scale randomized clinical trials will be essential before any change to clinical practice

Quadro epdiemiológico das mortes súbitas na infância em cidades gaúchas (Brasil) Epidemiology of sudden infant deaths in cities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A comparative study of cases and controls

Foram investigados os óbitos infantis pós-perinatais ocorridos no período de um ano, em 10 cidades gaúchas, incluindo a região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, por meio de estudo de casos e controles. Setenta e duas mortes súbitas na infância (MSI) foram identificadas através de amplo sistema de monitorização de óbitos e investigadas em pormenores através de entrevistas médicas com os pais da criança e revisão de prontuários ambulatoriais e hospitalares. Os óbitos foram mais comuns em meninos, no primeiro trimestre de vida e durante o inverno. A comparação de cada caso de MSI com duas crianças-controle da mesma vizinhança, através de regressão logística condicional múltipla, identificou os seguintes fatores de risco: baixo nível socioeconômico (medido através da renda familiar e da escolaridade materna), baixo peso ao nascer, presença de outras crianças no domicílio, mães jovens e fumantes e aleitamento misto ou artificial. Nenhuma das 72 MSI foi reconhecida como tal pelos médicos que preencheram os atestados de óbito, sendo as mesmas atribuídas predominantemente a "broncopneumonias".All post-perinatal infant deaths occurring within a one-year period in 10 cities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre included, were investigated in a case-control study. Seventy-two sudden infant deaths (SID) were identified through a complex monitoring system. These were investigated in detail through medical interviews with the children's parents and through the review of medical records. Such deaths were more common in males, during the first three months of life, and in the winter. The comparison of each case with two neighborhood control infants through multiple conditional logistic regression identified the following risk factors: low socio-economic level (measured by family income and maternal education), low birthweight, presence of other children in the household, low maternal age, maternal smoking, and mixed or artificial feeding. None of the 72 deaths had been certified as such by the physicians who filled in the death certificates, the majority of which referred to "bronchopneumonia" as the undereying cause

Cartagena declaration. The international declaration on the right to nutritional care and the fight against malnutrition

investigación en nutrición clínica, las sociedades que constituyen la FELANPE firmaron la Declaración Internacional sobre el Derecho al Cuidado Nutricional y la Lucha contra la Malnutrición, “Declaración de Cartagena”, el 3 de mayo del presente año en la ciudad de Cartagena, en el marco del 33º Congreso de la Asociación Colombiana de Nutrición Clínica. La Declaración proporciona un marco coherente de 13 principios, los cuales podrán servir de guía a las sociedades afiliadas a la FELANPE en el desarrollo de los planes de acción. Además, servirá como un instrumento para que promuevan, a través de los gobiernos, la formulación de políticas y legislaciones en el campo de la nutrición clínica. Consideramos que el marco general de principios propuesto por la Declaración puede contribuir a crear conciencia acerca de la magnitud de este problema y a forjar redes de cooperación entre los países de la región. Aunque esta Declaración no tiene un efecto jurídico vinculante (obligatorio), tiene una fuerza moral innegable y puede proporcionar orientación práctica a los estados. Un plan de implementación permitirá desarrollar la caja de herramientas necesaria para transformar los principios en acciones.The need to promote the right to nutritional care, to fight against malnutrition and to advance in education and research in clinical nutrition has led all the FELANPE’s societies to sign on May 3rd, during the 33rd Congress of the Colombian Clinical Nutrition Association (ACNC) in the city of Cartagena, the International Declaration on the Right to Nutritional Care and the Fight against Malnutrition, “Declaration of Cartagena”. The Declaration provides a coherent framework of 13 principles which can serve as a guide for societies, schools and associations affiliated to FELANPE in the development of action plans. In addition, it will serve as an instrument to promote, through governments, the formulation of policies and legislation in the field of clinical nutrition. We believe that the general framework of principles proposed by the Declaration can contribute to raise awareness about the magnitude of this problem and to promote cooperation networks among Latin-American countries. Although this Declaration does not have a binding legal effect, it has an undeniable moral strength and it can provide practical guidance to States. An implementation program will allow developing a toolkit to transform principles into actions