Développement d'indicateurs d'analyse et de suivi de la congestion routière

RÉSUMÉ La congestion routière est devenue l’enjeu numéro un dans les régions métropolitaines en raison de ses multiples incidences sur la population, l’environnement et ’économie. Il est évident qu’il faut poursuivre les recherches afin de réduire la congestion. La première étape est de se doter d’outils pour la mesurer. Ce projet de recherche vise à développer des indicateurs d’analyse et de suivi de la congestion routière. Quatre objectifs spécifiques sont également poursuivis : 1. Mieux comprendre la congestion pour en dégager une définition et les variables pertinentes; 2. Identifier des indicateurs de la congestion adéquats pour différents objets et conditions du réseau routier à des fins de planification et suivi; 3. Développer une méthodologie d'estimation des indicateurs identifiés à partir de données de vitesse de traces GPS; 4. Contribuer au développement d'un outil de consultation permettant d'extraire des statistiques utiles aux analyses de suivi et d’estimer des modèles explicatifs de la congestion.----------ABSTRACT Road congestion has become the number one issue in metropolitan areas. It decreases the quality of life and generates negative impacts on the environment and the economy. It is evident that continuous research to reduce congestion is needed and the first step is to develop tools to measure it. This research project aims to develop road congestion analysis and monitoring indicators. Four specific objectives are pursued: 1. Better understand road congestion to identify a clear definition and relevant variables; 2. Identify appropriate road congestion indicators for different objects and conditions of the road network for planning and monitoring purposes; 3. Develop a methodology for estimating the identified indicators using GPS traces speed data; 4. Contribute to the development of a consultation tool able to extract useful statistics for follow-up analyzes and to estimate descriptive models of congestion

Ethylenediamine- and propylenediaminediacetic acid derivatives as ligands for the "fac-[M(CO)3]+" core (M = Re, 99mTc)

The reaction of Re(CO)5Cl with o- or p-N-(nitrophenyl)ethylenediaminediacetic acid (H2L1, H2L2) and o- or p-N-(nitrophenyl)propylenediaminediacetic acid (H2L3, H2L4) in methanol leads to the formation of stable anionic [Et3NH][Re(CO)3(L)]·H2O complexes 1-4. These compounds have been characterized by means of IR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, NMR and conductimetry, as well as X-ray crystallography for 2 and 3. The [Re(CO)3]+ moiety is coordinated via the nitrogen of the iminodiacetic acid unit and two oxygens of monodentate carboxylate groups. In each case, the nitro group of the aromatic ring remains uncoordinated. The analogous technetium-99m complexes 1' and 3' were also prepared quantitatively by the reaction of H2L1 and H2L3, respectively, with the fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ precursor in ethanol. The corresponding Re and 99mTc compounds were shown to possess the same structure by means of HPLC studies. The high affinity of these ligands for the Tc(I) or Re(I) core, coupled with the easiness of their derivatization (by reduction of the nitro group in amino group), implies that the utilization of this ligand system to develop target-specific radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy is promising

Comparative transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants and the impact of vaccination: national cohort study, England

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) rapidly replaced Delta (B.1.617.2) to become dominant in England. Our study assessed differences in transmission between Omicron and Delta using two independent data sources and methods. Omicron and Delta cases were identified through genomic sequencing, genotyping and S-gene target failure in England from 5-11 December 2021. Secondary attack rates for named contacts were calculated in household and non-household settings using contact tracing data, while household clustering was identified using national surveillance data. Logistic regression models were applied to control for factors associated with transmission for both methods. For contact tracing data, higher secondary attack rates for Omicron vs. Delta were identified in households (15.0% vs. 10.8%) and non-households (8.2% vs. 3.7%). For both variants, in household settings, onward transmission was reduced from cases and named contacts who had three doses of vaccine compared to two, but this effect was less pronounced for Omicron (adjusted risk ratio, aRR 0.78 and 0.88) than Delta (aRR 0.62 and 0.68). In non-household settings, a similar reduction was observed only in contacts who had three doses vs. two doses for both Delta (aRR 0.51) and Omicron (aRR 0.76). For national surveillance data, the risk of household clustering, was increased 3.5-fold for Omicron compared to Delta (aRR 3.54 (3.29-3.81)). Our study identified increased risk of onward transmission of Omicron, consistent with its successful global displacement of Delta. We identified a reduced effectiveness of vaccination in lowering risk of transmission, a likely contributor for the rapid propagation of Omicron

Fine-Scale Mapping of the 4q24 Locus Identifies Two Independent Loci Associated with Breast Cancer Risk

Background: A recent association study identified a common variant (rs9790517) at 4q24 to be associated with breast cancer risk. Independent association signals and potential functional variants in this locus have not been explored. Methods: We conducted a fine-mapping analysis in 55,540 breast cancer cases and 51,168 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Results: Conditional analyses identified two independent association signals among women of European ancestry, represented by rs9790517 [conditional P = 2.51 × 10−4; OR, 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.07] and rs77928427 (P = 1.86 × 10−4; OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07). Functional annotation using data from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project revealed two putative functional variants, rs62331150 and rs73838678 in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs9790517 (r2 ≥ 0.90) residing in the active promoter or enhancer, respectively, of the nearest gene, TET2. Both variants are located in DNase I hypersensitivity and transcription factor–binding sites. Using data from both The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), we showed that rs62331150 was associated with level of expression of TET2 in breast normal and tumor tissue. Conclusion: Our study identified two independent association signals at 4q24 in relation to breast cancer risk and suggested that observed association in this locus may be mediated through the regulation of TET2. Impact: Fine-mapping study with large sample size warranted for identification of independent loci for breast cancer risk

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Sport and masculinity : the case of the culture of senior hockey in Quebec

L’objet d’étude et le domaine de rechercheComme le sacré, le jeu et le sport délimitent dans le monde profane un espace réservé que régentent une série de règles et rituels qui n'ont de sens et de valeur que par la croyance qui leur est attribuée. Le lieu sacré est l’Aréna, le Colisée ou le Forum. Espace plus restreint, la « chambre de hockey » est une sphère sacrée privée, où entrent uniquement les gens autorisés, ce que nous appelons le « Dernier bastion des mâles ». On pourrait l’appeler aussi le « quartier des hommes » maanabeu chez les Lau ou la « Maison des hommes » chez les Baruya en passant par la Californie et l’Amazonie, les « Maisons de sudation ». Sujets tabous, secrets, histoires grivoises et anecdotes sont échangées; c’est là que les confidences se font et que se tissent les liens. On réfèrera aux notions d’espace sportif de Bromberger (1996), de masculinité et de féminité de Saouter (2000) et du système sportif de Darbon (2014). Il y a plusieurs niveaux d’identités, particulièrement la création du sentiment d’appartenance et de la confrérie.Rituels et rite initiatique – La masculinité et la séductionPour maintenir l’ordre social de la chance et de la victoire, plusieurs types de rituels sont présents et dans certains cas servent même à profaner les chances de l’équipe adverse. Les joueurs ont ainsi recours à toute une gamme de rituels. Le monde des croyances sert à rendre le joueur invincible, à minimiser les blessures, à le propulser vers la victoire avec le but victorieux, à prendre la bonne décision et à sortir vainqueur après chaque rencontre. L’analyse structurale « revisitée » vient nous porter main forte afin de bien comprendre tout cet univers symbolique du hockey en appliquant la formule canonique au sport et au genre. « Le hockey au Québec, est comme une religion ». Le hockey senior est un prétexte pour comprendre les profondes transformations et les influences qui viennent de toutes parts et sont réappropriées à travers les emprunts culturels. Aux besoins par la culture sportive, en même temps que les pratiques sociales sont transversales (Warnier, 2008), ainsi le « diffusionnisme contemporain » sert à suivre ces emprunts culturels, qui souvent proviennent des autochtones. On peut voir l’équipe de hockey comme une « tribu » avec son chef et ses guerriers qui prennent tous les moyens afin de pouvoir affirmer qu’ils sont ou ont été les plus forts, les vainqueurs de la « Coupe » à un moment donné de leur histoire, et ce, devant des femmes qu’ils tentent de séduire. Dans les sports de contact physique comme le hockey sur glace On les surnomme souvent « Gladiateurs » quand on voit leurs équipements, et leurs bâtons. Le hockey est un monde d’homme où la masculinité et la virilité sont encore présentes. Anne Saouter pose la bonne question dans sa recherche sur le rugby : « Mais le rugby, sport de la virilité par excellence dans l’imagerie collective, n’exige-t-il pas obligatoirement un jeu de miroir pour valider cette virilité : le regard des femmes?The object of study and the field of researchLike the sacred, games and sports define in the profane world a space governed by a series of rules and rituals that only make sense and acquire value by the belief that is attributed to them. This sacred space is the Arena, The Coliseum or the Forum. On a smaller scale, the “hockey room” is a sacred private sphere that can only be entered by authorized individuals, what we call “the Last Male Bastion”. We could also refer to it as the “men’s quarters” maanabeu for the Lau, the “men’s house” for the Baruya or sweat lodges in California or Amazonia. Taboo subjects, secrets, bawdy stories and anecdotes are exchanged; where confidences are shared and relationships created. We can refer to the notions of sport spaces by Bromberger (1996), of masculine and feminine of Saouter (2000) or the sport system by Darbon (2014). There are multiple levels of identity, more specifically the creation of a sense of belonging and brotherhood. Rituals and Initiation Rites – Masculinity and SeductionTo maintain the social order of chance and victory, multiple types of rituals are present and, in some cases, serve as means to negate the chances of winning of the opposing team. Thus, the players rely on a series of rituals. The world of beliefs may serve to make a player invincible, to minimize the risk of injuries, that allows for the winning goal, make the right decision and be victorious after each encounter. Structural analysis “revisited” will allow us make sense of this symbolic universe of hockey by applying the canonical formula to sport and gender. “Hockey in Quebec is like a religion”. Senior hockey is a pretext to understand the deep transformations and the various influences that come from multiple horizons and are reappropriated via cultural diffusion. For the needs of sport culture and social practices are transversal (Warnier, 2008), thus contemporary diffusionism helps to follow these cultural appropriations, often borrowed from aboriginal peoples. One can understand the hockey team as a tribe with its chief and warriors who take any means to state that they are, or where, the strongest, the winners of the “Cup” at a given period in their history, this in the eyes of the women they wish to seduce. In contact sports like hockey, they are often referred to as “Gladiators”, which is well represented by their equipment and sticks. Hockey is a man’s world in which masculinity and virility are still very present. Anne Saouter ask’s the right question on her research on rugby: “But rugby, sport of virility by excellence in the collective mind does require a game of mirrors to validate this virility: the gaze of women?

Étude de la décomposition homogène en phase gazeuse du peroxyde d'hydrogène par spectrométrie de masse quadrupolaire en utilisant l'échantillonnage par faisceau moléculaire

Un dispositif expérimental, composé principalement de deux chambres en acier inoxydable ayant chacune leur propre système de pompage indépendant, a été construit pour étudier la cinétique homogène d'espèces qui sont susceptibles de se décomposer facilement sur des parois. Le gaz à analyser est introduit dans un réacteur cylindrique en Pyrex à l'extrémité inférieure duquel on a percé un orifice circulaire. Une partie du gaz qui effuse par l'orifice du réacteur en régime d'écoulement hydrodynamique est collimaté en un faisceau moléculaire par un émondeur qui sépare les deux chambres et plus loin par un orifice circulaire placé à l'entrée de la chambre d'ionisation d'un spectromètre de masse quadrupolaire. Après son passage dans la chambre d'ionisation, le faisceau moléculaire se détruit sur un piège froid qui piège certains gaz facilement condensables. Le faisceau moléculaire permet le transfert sans collision d'un échantillon du mélange réactionnel jusqu'à la chambre d'ionisation. Pour analyser quantitativement des espèces qui sont susceptibles de se décomposer facilement sur des parois, il est nécessaire de distinguer entre le signal provenant du faisceau moléculaire et celui provenant du fond réactionnel. En employant un interrupteur situé entre l'orifice du réacteur et l'orifice de l'émondeur, nous avons mis au point deux techniques pour déterminer les différentes contributions ioniques au spectre de masse…Montréal Trigonix inc. 201