High Quality InSb Microcrystal Hall Sensor Doped with Te or Bi

InSb microcrystal doped with Cr, Al or Sn, which were radiation-resistant and were applied as magnetic microsensors in Satellites. The magnetic field sensitivity, , as a function of temperature was determined for both Bi and Te doped InSb microcrystals. Tellurium doping of InSb microcrystals at 3 x10 17 cm-3 leads to increase of the magnetic field sensitivity, , to ? 1.1 V/AT, but it decreases to ? 0.45 V/AT at 450K. On the other hand doping with Bi at 1 x 1017 cm-3 gives ? 1 V/AT. The charge carriers mobility of the investigated microcrystals varies from about 2.11m2/V.s to 3.4 m2/V.s, for Te doped samples and from 3.2 m2/V.s to 4.3 m2/V.s for Bi doped samples at room temperature. The electrical resistivity variation with temperature was also studied

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Macroscopic Assessment Of Exposure To Ethanol And Alcoholic Detoxification On Gastric Lesions In Rats [avaliação Macroscópica Da Exposição Ao Etanol E Da Desintoxicação Alcoólica Sobre Lesões Gástricas Em Ratos]

Aims: To investigate the effects of chronic ethanol consumption and alcohol detox on macroscopic gastric lesions in rats. Methods: This is an experimental study in which 18 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain, with 40 days of life were divided into three randomized groups with six animals each: Control Group (CT), Detoxicated Group (DE) and Alcohol Group (AC). The AC animals have been subjected to an experimental model termed as chronic alcoholics, in which, after a period of adaptation, they received ethanol as the only liquid food available until completion of 13 weeks of the experiment. The DE was subjected to the same protocol as the AC, however, after six weeks of alcohol consumption, the animals were subjected to the alcohol detoxification process. At the end of the experiment, the stomach of the three groups of animals were collected in order to investigate the presence of gastric lesions. Results: The animals in the CG showed no lesions. The animals in DE exhibited a larger number of lesions in comparison to the AC (44±3.7 and 21±0.3 respectively). Macroscopic examination of the animal's stomachs indicates that the animals in the DE were those with the highest injury rate in the gastric mucosa. Conclusions: Ethanol consumed chronically or after alcohol detoxification triggered gastric lesions in AC and DE, but sharply in the group submitted to detoxification, which can characterize a possible synergism between ethanol consumption and alcohol detox post-stress in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer.243WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol (2004) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, , Geneva: World Health OrganizationSoares, E.A., Favaro, W.J., Cagnon, V.H.A., Bertran, C.A., Camilli, J.A., Effects of alcohol and nicotine on the mechanical resistance of bone and bone neoformation around hydroxyapatite implants (2010) J Bone Miner Metab, 28 (1), pp. 101-107Lima, C.C., Silva, T.D., Santos, L., Nakagaki, W.R., Loyola, Y.C., Resck, M.C., Camilli, J.A., Garcia, J.A., Effects of ethanol on the osteogenesis around porous hydroxyapatite implants (2011) Braz J Biol., 71 (1), pp. 115-119. , FebMatos, A.M., Carvalho, R.C., Costa, C.O.M., Gomes, K.M.P.S., Santos, L.M., Consumo frequente de bebidas alcoólicas por adolescentes escolares: estudo de fatores associados (2010) Rev Bras Epidemiol, 13 (2), pp. 302-313Laranjeira, R., Duarte, P.C.A.V., I Levantamento Nacional sobre os padrões de consumo de álcool na população brasileira (2007), Brasília (DF): Secretaria Nacional AntidrogasSeitz, H.K., Homann, N., Effect of alcohol on the orogastrointestinal tract, the pancreas and the liver (2001) International Handbook of Alcohol Dependence and Problem, pp. 151-167. , Heather N, Peters TJ, Stockwell T. Chichester: John Wiley & SonsLaranjeira, R., Nicastri, S., Jerônimo, C., Marques, A.C., Gigliotti, A., Campana, A., Bezerra, B., Ramos, S.P., Consenso sobre a síndrome de abstinência do álcool (SAA) e o seu tratamento (2000) Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 22 (2), pp. 62-71Madrid, J.F., Leis, O., Díaz-Flores, L., Sáez, F.J., Hernández, F., Lectin-gold localization of fucose residuos in human gastric mucosa (1998) J Histochem Cytochem, 46 (11), pp. 1311-1320Salih, B.A., Abasiyanik, M.F., Bayyurt, N., Sander, E., H pylori infection and other risk factors associated with peptic ulcers in Turkish patients: a retrospective study (2007) World J Gastroen-terol, 13 (23), pp. 3245-3248Peres, W.A., Carmo, M.G., Zucoloto, S., Iglesias, A.C., Braulio, V.B., Ethanol intake inhibits growth of the epithelium in the intestine of pregnant rats (2004) Alcohol, 33 (2), pp. 83-89Melo-Junior, M.R., Machado, M.C.F.P., Araújo-Filho, J.L.S., Patu, V.J.R.M., Beltrão, E.I.C., Pontes-Filho, N.T., Avaliação histoquímica da mucosa gastrointestinal de ratos expostos ao álcool (2006) Rev Para Med, 20 (4), pp. 7-12Gargie, M., Azuine, M.A., Lakshman, M.R., Chronic ethanol consumption upregulates the cytosolic and plasma membrane sialidase genes, but downregulates lysosomal membrane sialidase gene in rat liver (2006) Metabolism, 55 (6), pp. 803-810Lapa, F.R., Gadotti, V.M., Missau, F.C., Pizzolatti, M.G., Marques, M.C., Dafré, A.L., Farina, M., Santos, A.R., Antinociceptive properties of the hydroalcoholic extract and the flavonoid rutin obtained from Polygala paniculata L. in mice (2009) Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 104 (4), pp. 306-315Martinez, F.E., Garcia, P.J., Padovani, C.R., Cagnon, V.H.A., Martinez, M., Ultrastructural study of the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism (1993) Prostate, 22 (4), pp. 317-324Faustino, S.E.S., Stipp, A.C.M., Efeitos do alcoolismo crônico e da desintoxicação alcóolica sobre a glăndula submandibular de ratos: estudo morfométrico (2003) J Appl Oral Sci, 11 (1), pp. 21-26Horvath, R.O., Silva, T.D., Calil Neto, J., Nakagaki, W.R., Garcia, J.A.D., Soares, E.A., Efeitos do alcoolismo e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre o reparo e biomecănica óssea (2011) Acta Ortop Bras, 19 (5), pp. 305-308Vela, S.M., Souccar, C., Lima-Landman, M.T.R., Lapa, A.J., Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by the aqueous extract and purified extracts of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (1997) Planta Med, 63 (1), pp. 36-39Filipini, C.B., Paixão, D.R., Ávila, M.A.P., Flausino, P.A., Pereira, V.A., Oliveira, J.A., Costa, A.M.D.D., Soares, E.A., Avaliação da atividade protetora gástrica do extrato hidroalcoólico da semente de girassol em ratas (2012) Rev Bras Clin Med, 10 (2), pp. 112-115Svendsen, P., Hau, J., (1984) Handbook of laboratory animal science, 1. , Boca Raton: CRC PressCamilli, J.A., Cunha, M.R., Bertran, C.A., Kawachi, E.Y., Sbperiosteal hydroxyapatite implants in rats submitted to ethanol ingestion (2004) Arch Oral Biol., 49 (9), pp. 747-753. , SepNyquist, F., Halvosenv, V., Madsen, J.E., Nordsletten, L., Obrant, K.J., Ethanol and is effects on fracture healing and bone masss in de male rats (1999) Acta Orthop Scand, 70 (2), pp. 212-216Ekblad, E., Mei, Q., Sundler, F., Innervation of the gastric mucosa (2000) Micros Res Tech., 48, pp. 241-257Vimala, G., Shoba, F.G., A Review on Antiulcer Activity of Few Indian Medicinal Plants (2014) Int J Microbiol., 2014, p. 519590Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, C., Tripathil, K.K., Pankaj, Kumar, S.K.P., Recent trends of treatment and medication peptic ulcerative disorder (2010) Int J Pharm Tech Research, 2 (1), pp. 970-980Malfertheiner, P., Chan, F.K., McColl, K.E., Peptic ulcer disease (2009) The Lancet, 374 (9699), pp. 1449-1461Elliot, S.L., Whittler, J.L., Nitric oxide: A regulator of mucosal defense and injury (2004) J Gatroenterol., 33, pp. 792-803Arabski, M., Kazmierczak, P., Wisniewska-Jarosinska, M., Poplawski, T., Klupinska, G., Chojnacki, J., Drzewoski, J., Blasiak, J., Interaction of amoxicillin with DNA in human lymphocytes and H. pylori-infected and non-infected gastric mucosa cells (2005) Chem Biol Interact, 152 (1), pp. 13-24http://www.abpbrasil.org.br, Comorbidades. 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Robust soil mapping at the farm scale with vis–NIR spectroscopy

Sustainable agriculture practices are often hampered by the prohibitive costs associated with the generation of fine-resolution soil maps. Recently, several papers have been published highlighting how visible and near infrared (vis–NIR) reflectance spectroscopy may offer an alternative to address this problem by increasing the density of soil sampling and by reducing the number of conventional laboratory analyses needed. However, for farm-scale soil mapping, previous studies rarely focused on sample optimization for the calibration of vis–NIR models or on robust modelling of the spatial variation of soil properties predicted by vis–NIR spectroscopy. In the present study, we used soil vis–NIR spectroscopy models optimized in terms of both number of calibration samples and accuracy for high-resolution robust farm-scale soil mapping and addressed some of the most common pitfalls identified in previous research. We collected 910 samples from 458 locations at two depths (A, 0–0.20 m; B, 0.80–1.0 m) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. All soil samples were analysed by conventional methods and scanned in the vis–NIR spectral range. With the vis–NIR spectra only, we inferred statistically the optimal set size and the best samples with which to calibrate vis–NIR models. The calibrated vis–NIR models were validated and used to predict soil properties for the rest of the samples. The prediction error of the spectroscopic model was propagated through the spatial analysis, in which robust block kriging was used to predict particle-size fractions and exchangeable calcium content for each depth. The results indicated that statistical selection of the calibration samples based on vis–NIR spectra considerably decreased the need for conventional chemical analysis for a given level of mapping accuracy. The methods tested in this research were developed and implemented using open-source software. All codes and data are provided for reproducible research purposes. Highlights: Vis–NIR spectroscopy enables an increase in sampling density with little additional cost. Guided selection of vis–NIR calibration samples reduced the need for conventional soil analysis. Error of spectroscopic model prediction was propagated by spatial analysis. Maps from the vis–NIR augmented dataset were almost as accurate as those from conventional soil analysis.</p

Contribuições do solo e dossel em modelo de estimativa de biomassa aérea no Bioma Pampa Soil and canopy contributions in a predictive model of aerial biomass in the Pampa Biome

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho preditivo do submodelo espectral do modelo JONG, com a inserção de variáveis espectrais que considerassem a densidade de biomassa do dossel e as contribuições dos diferentes solos subjacentes. Índices calculados pela diferença e razão simples - entre as bandas 4 e 3, 4 e 5, 4 e 7, do sensor orbital ETM+/Landsat 7 - foram sugeridos para representar a contribuição espectral dos solos subjacentes e a influência das diferenças estruturais dos dosséis. A parametrização da componente espectral foi implementada por regressão linear múltipla e, em seguida, foi comparada aos dados de biomassa obtidos em campo. As variáveis espectrais que melhor expressaram as variações da disponibilidade inicial de forragem foram a fração solo (modelo linear de mistura espectral) e a razão entre as bandas 4 e 7. A componente espectral do modelo JONG, com a nova parametrização, apresenta sensibilidade para eliminar as influências do solo e dossel na disponibilidade inicial de biomassa e facilita a interpretação dos resultados, em razão da relação entre as variáveis espectrais selecionadas.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the predictive performance of the JONG model's spectral submodel, with the insertion of variables considering contributions of different underlying soils and canopy densities. Indices calculated by subtraction and simple ratio between 4 and 3, 4 and 5, 4 and 7 bands, of Landsat 7/ETM+ sensor - were suggested in order to represent the spectral contribution of the different underlying soils and the influence of canopy structural differences. The spectral component parameterization was implemented by multiple linear regression and, then, it was compared to the biomass data measured in the field. Spectral variables that better describe the variations of initial biomass availability and soil spectral contributions were the soil fraction (spectral mixture linear model), and ratio between 4 and 7 bands. The spectral component of the JONG model, with the new parameterization, showed sensibility in eliminating the canopy and soil influences in the biomass initial availability and, also, improved the interpretation of results due to the relationship between selected spectral variables

Atração e penetração de Meloidogyne javanica e Heterodera glycines em raízes excisadas de soja Attraction and penetration of Meloidogyne javanica and Heterodera glycines in excised soybean roots

Com vista ao estudo de atração e penetração de Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood e Heterodera glycines (Ichinoe) em soja (Glycine max L.), desenvolveu-se uma técnica empregando-se segmento de raiz com 2cm de comprimento. Nos segmentos de raiz de soja infectados, observou-se que a penetração de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. javanica ocorre pela coifa seguida de migração entre os feixes vasculares do cilindro central. Juvenis de H. glycines penetraram, aproximadamente, 15mm da coifa. A região seccionada da raiz de soja atraiu três vezes mais J2 de M. javanica do que a região da coifa, mas esta não foi tão atrativa para J2 de H. glycines. A obstrução conjunta da coifa e do local seccionado reduziu (83%) a penetração de J2, tanto de M. javanica quanto de H. glycines. Quando apenas um desses locais foi obstruído, a outra extremidade livre compensou o processo atrativo. Portanto, as substâncias atrativas são liberadas por essas extremidades. A penetração de J2 de M. javanica foi maior no segmento de raiz quando comparada com a plântula intacta de soja. Entretanto, os J2 de H. glycines penetraram menos em segmentos de raiz e em plântulas sem folhas, quando comparados com plântulas intactas e com as seccionadas no colo. Portanto, na cultivar de soja "Embrapa 20", a atração e os locais de penetração de J2 de H. glycines e M. javanica são diferenciados. Esta técnica poderá ser útil nos estudos de atração e penetração de outros nematoides endoparasitas.<br>To study the attraction and penetration of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood and Heterodera glycines (Ichinoe) in soybean (Glycine max L.), a technique using 2-cm long root segments was developed. In infected soybean root segments penetration of second stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica occured through the root cap following migration between the vascular bundles of the central cylinder. Juveniles of H. glycines penetrated about 15mm from the root cap. The cut region of the soybean root attracted three times more J2 of M. javanica when compared to the root cap, but was not as attractive to H. glycines J2. Sealing both root cap and cut region reduced (83%) the J2 penetration of M. javanica and H. glycines. When only one of these penetration sites was sealed the open site compensated attractiveness. These results show that the attractive substances are released by these two penetration sites. The M. javanica J2 penetration was higher in root segments when compared to whole soybean plants. However, H. glycines J2 penetrated less in root segments and in roots of seedlings without leaves when compared to roots of whole soybean plants and roots of plants without the aerial part. In short, attraction and infection sites of H. glycines and M. javanica J2s in soybean cultivar "Embrapa 20" are different and this technique may be useful in studies of attraction and penetration of other endoparasitic nematodes