Cooperação monetária internacional : um estudo sobre o padrão-ouro do século XIX e sua tentativa de reconstrução no período entreguerras

A segunda metade do século XIX foi o período de universalização e auge do padrãoouro enquanto sistema monetário e financeiro internacional. O comprometimento dos governos dos países centrais à paridade fixa ao ouro era incontestável, e a libra, então moeda internacional (em função da liderança britânica), era considerada “as good as gold”. Contudo, esse SMFI foi incapaz de ser sustentado diante das transformações internacionais do início do século XX (que culminaram na Primeira Guerra Mundial). Apesar de diversos esforços no sentido de uma reconstrução do padrão-ouro no período entreguerras, os resultados não foram exitosos. Presume-se que, no período do padrão-ouro clássico (1870-1914), a cooperação monetária internacional foi fundamental para o bom desempenho desse sistema, mas as mudanças enfrentadas pelo Sistema Internacional tornaram mais custoso aos governos nacionais abdicar da autonomia de sua política monetária, de forma que a cooperação, da forma episódica que ocorria no pré-guerra, já não era mais suficiente para a preservação do SMFI. Por isso, apoiando-se em uma literatura mais voltada às visões de economia política internacional e institucionalista, este trabalho busca entender o papel da cooperação internacional enquanto um dos alicerces do padrão-ouro internacional, e quais elementos dessa relação se alteraram no exercício do padrão ouro-câmbio (1925- 1931).The second half of the 19th century was the period of spread and heyday of the gold standard as the international monetary and financial system (IMFS). The commitment of the central countries governments to the fixed parity to gold was undeniable, and the pound sterling, then the international currency (because of the British leadership), was considered “as good as gold”. Nevertheless, this IMFS was unable to be sustained in the face of the international transformations in the beggining of the 20th century (that culminated in the First World War). Despite the several efforts to reconstruct the gold standard in the interwar period, they were not successful. It is assumed that, during the classical gold standard (1870-1914), the international monetary cooperation was fundamental to the system’s good performance, but the changes faced by the International System made it more costly for national governments to abdicate from their monetary policy autonomy, so that cooperation, in the episodic form that ocurred in the pre-war, was no longer enough for the preservation of the IMFS. Therefore, sustained by an international political economy and institutionalist literature, this paper seeks to understand the role of the international cooperation as one of the basis of the international gold standard, and which elements of this relation were altered in the performance of the gold-exchange standard (1925-1931)

La responsabilidad patrimonial del estado legislador en el derecho español

ResumenEl presente artículo analiza la figura de la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado legislador que, a diferencia de la responsabilidad de la administración pública y de la administración de justicia, previstas en la Constitución española, en el caso del legislador, su desarrollo en cuanto a principales características y requisitos, ha sido realizado por el Tribunal Supremo, tomando en cuenta, en cuanto fuere necesario, el derecho de la Unión Europea. Esta responsabilidad del Estado legislador puede tener dos orígenes, dependiendo esencialmente del canon de control que se utilice para contrastar la ley en cuestión, es decir, la Constitución española o el derecho de la Unión Europea.AbstractThis article analyzes the figure of the liability of the State legislature that, unlike the responsibility of the Public Administration and the Administration of Justice, under the Spanish Constitution, in the case of the legislature, its development in terms of key features and requirements, has been made by the Supreme Court, taking into account, as necessary, the European Union law. This responsibility of the State legislature may have two origins, depending essentially on the monitoring charge is used to test the law in question, the Spanish Constitution and the European Union law

Length of the artificial incubation in red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa)

La incubación artificial de los huevos es una fase del manejo clave para la viabilidad de las granjas cinegéticas de perdiz roja (Alectoris rufa). Sin embargo, la duración de la incubación artificial y la dispersión de las eclosiones no han sido previamente cuantificadas en esta especie. Con este objetivo se analizaron cuatro ensayos de incubación artificial de huevos de perdiz roja procedentes de tres granjas cinegéticas del sur de España realizados incluyendo variabilidad de factores de manejo de los reproductores y de la incubación. La duración media de la incubación fue de 23,4 días, difiriendo entre ensayos (P = 0,004), con un valor modal de 23 días y finalizando la mayoría de las eclosiones (percentil 95) el día 24,5 de incubación. La eclosión mostró una distribución asimétrica positiva y leptocúrtica, como corresponde al patrón de eclosión de las especies precociales. Las eclosiones, que pueden comenzar el día 21,5 y finalizar el día 26 de incubación, se extendieron en promedio durante cuatro días, periodo mayor que el descrito en la literatura divulgativa probablemente porque en el presente estudio los huevos no estuvieron en contacto entre sí, lo que pudo limitar la sincronía en la eclosión. Los resultados de este estudio son útiles para conocer la distribución de la eclosión en las granjas cinegéticas de perdiz roja, posibilitando la mejora del manejo de los lotes de huevos en la nacedoraThe artificial incubation of the eggs is a key management phase for the feasibility of the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) game farms. However, the length of the artificial incubation and the spreading pattern of the hatching have not been previously quantified in this species. To this end, four trials of artificial incubation of eggs from three red-legged partridge game farms located in southern Spain were analised. The trials included a wide range of variability with regard to management of breeders and incubation process. The average length of the incubation period was 23.4 days, with differences among trials (P = 0,004), showing a modal value of 23 days. Most of the chicks (percentile 95) hatched before 24.5 days of incubation. The distribution of the hatch was leptokurtic and showed positive asymmetry, fitting with the hatching pattern of the precocial species. The hatching, that can start on day 21.5 and finish on day 26 of incubation, were spread over four days on average. This period was longer than that described in the informative literature, probably because in the present study the eggs were not in contact with each other, which could have limited the hatching synchrony. The results of the present study are useful to understand the distribution of hatching in the red-legged game farms, enabling improved management of the batches of eggs in the hatchery

JBeaver: un analizador de dependencias para el español

JBeaver es un analizador de dependencias para el español desarrollado utilizando una herramienta de aprendizaje automático (Maltparser ). Este analizador se caracteriza por ser el único públicamente disponible para el español, ser autónomo, fácil de instalar y de utilizar (mediante interfaz gráfica o por comandos de consola) y de elevada precisión. Además, el sistema desarrollado sirve para entrenar de manera sencilla modelos de Maltparser, por lo que se configura en potencia como un analizador de dependencias para cualquier idioma.JBeaver is a dependency parser built using the Maltparser machine-learning tool. It is publically available , easy to install and to use, and provides high precision. It also allows training Maltparser models for any language, so it can be used to train dependency parsers for any language.Partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (TIN2006-14433-C02-01 project)

Endothelial adhesion receptors are recruited to adherent leukocytes by inclusion in preformed tetraspanin nanoplatforms

VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, receptors for leukocyte integrins, are recruited to cell–cell contact sites on the apical membrane of activated endothelial cells. In this study, we show that this recruitment is independent of ligand engagement, actin cytoskeleton anchorage, and heterodimer formation. Instead, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are recruited by inclusion within specialized preformed tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, which act as endothelial adhesive platforms (EAPs). Using advanced analytical fluorescence techniques, we have characterized the diffusion properties at the single-molecule level, nanoscale organization, and specific intradomain molecular interactions of EAPs in living primary endothelial cells. This study provides compelling evidence for the existence of EAPs as physical entities at the plasma membrane, distinct from lipid rafts. Scanning electron microscopy of immunogold-labeled samples treated with a specific tetraspanin-blocking peptide identify nanoclustering of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 within EAPs as a novel mechanism for supramolecular organization that regulates the leukocyte integrin–binding capacity of both endothelial receptors during extravasation

Geological risk assessment of Amtoudi Agadir in southern Morocco: a key case for sustainable cultural heritage

Medieval fortified granaries known as “agadirs” are very common in southern Morocco, being catalogued as world cultural heritage by United Nations. These Berber buildings (made of stones and tree trunks) usually located on rocky promontories, constitute historical testimonials related to the origin of Morocco, and, as tourist attractions, have a positive impact on the local economy. The sustainability of these ancient monuments requires geological-risk evaluations of the massif stability under the agadir with the proposal of stabilization measures, and an architectonic analysis with appropriate maintenance of the structural elements. An interdisciplinary study including climate, seismicity, hydrology, geology, geomorphology, geotechnical surveys of the massif, and diagnosis of the degradation of structural elements have been performed on the Amtoudi Agadir, selected as a case study. The main findings from this study are that the prevalent rocks used for construction (coming from the underlying substratum) are good-quality arkosic sandstones; the SW cliffs under the agadir are unstable under water saturation; some masonry walls are too thin and lack interlocking stones and mortar; and failures in the beams (due to flexure, fracture, and exhaustion in the resistance due to insect attacks or plant roots) are common. The basic risk assessment of ancient buildings of cultural heritage and their geologic substratum are needed especially in undeveloped areas with limited capacity to implement durable conservation policies. Therefore, recommendations have been provided to ensure the stability and maintenance of this important archaeological site.This research was supported by Urbino University found (Resp. F. Guerrera); by CGL2011-30153-CO2-02 and CGL2012-32169 research project (Spanish Ministry of Education and Science); and by research groups and projects of the Generalitat Valenciana from Alicante University (CTMAIGA)

N-3 fatty acids combined with flavan-3-ols prevent steatosis and liver injury in a murine model of NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 25% of adults and at present no licensed medication has been approved. Despite its complex patho-physiology, dietary strategies aiming at delaying or preventing NAFLD have taken a reductionist approach, examining the impact of single components. Accumulating evidence suggests that n-3 LC-PUFAs are efficacious in regulating lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, plant derived flavonoids are also emerging as a dietary strategy for NAFLD prevention, with efficacy attributed to their insulin sensitising and indirect antioxidant effects. Based on knowledge of their complementary molecular targets, we aimed to demonstrate that the combination of n-3 LC-PUFA (n-3) and flavan-3-ols (FLAV) prevents NAFLD. In a high-fat high-fructose (HF/HFr) fed C57Bl/6 J mouse model, the independent and interactive impact of n-3 and FLAV on histologically defined NAFLD, insulin sensitivity, weight gain, intestinal and hepatic gene expression, intestinal bile acids were examined. Only the combination of FLAV and n-3 (FLAVn-3) prevented steatosis as evidenced by a strong reduction in hepatocyte ballooning. While FLAV reduced body (− 28–30%), adipose tissue (− 45–50%) weights and serum insulin (− 22–25%) as observed following an intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test, n-3 downregulated the expression of Srebf1 and the lipogenic genes (Acaca, Fasn). Significant impacts of interventions on intestinal bile acid metabolism, farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) signalling in the intestine and liver, and hepatic expression of fatty acid transporters (Fabp4, Vldlr, Cd36) were also evident. FLAVn-3 may be a novel intervention for NAFLD. Future research should aim to demonstrate its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of human NAFLD

Improving the reporting quality of intervention trials addressing the inter-individual variability in response to the consumption of plant bioactives: quality index and recommendations

PURPOSE: The quality of the study design and data reporting in human trials dealing with the inter-individual variability in response to the consumption of plant bioactives is, in general, low. There is a lack of recommendations supporting the scientific community on this topic. This study aimed at developing a quality index to assist the assessment of the reporting quality of intervention trials addressing the inter-individual variability in response to plant bioactive consumption. Recommendations for better designing and reporting studies were discussed. METHODS: The selection of the parameters used for the development of the quality index was carried out in agreement with the scientific community through a survey. Parameters were defined, grouped into categories, and scored for different quality levels. The applicability of the scoring system was tested in terms of consistency and effort, and its validity was assessed by comparison with a simultaneous evaluation by experts' criteria. RESULTS: The "POSITIVe quality index" included 11 reporting criteria grouped into four categories (Statistics, Reporting, Data presentation, and Individual data availability). It was supported by detailed definitions and guidance for their scoring. The quality index score was tested, and the index demonstrated to be valid, reliable, and responsive. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the reporting quality of studies addressing inter-individual variability in response to plant bioactives highlighted the aspects requiring major improvements. Specific tools and recommendations favoring a complete and transparent reporting on inter-individual variability have been provided to support the scientific community on this field