Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Validação e reprodutibilidade de um questionário de freqüência alimentar para adultos, com enfoque em lipídeos, para uso em estudos sobre fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, 2008.Objetivo: Validar e testar a reprodutibilidade de um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA), com enfoque no consumo de lipídios e de ácidos graxos (AG), para uma população adulta do Distrito Federal, e testar a validade do consumo de frutas e hortaliças como instrumento indicador de ingestão nutricional desta população. Método: Foram aplicados quatro recordatórios de 24 horas (R24) e dois QFA, em entrevistas domiciliares. Participaram da pesquisa homens e mulheres com idade igual ou maior que 18 anos e que já tinham respondido ao questionário do projeto piloto do VIVA saúde DF, no qual perguntou-se a freqüência de consumo de frutas e hortaliças. O QFA foi elaborado com base no primeiro R24 e para a validação foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: energia, carboidrato, proteína, lipídios totais, fibras, colesterol, totais de ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados e trans e os AG 12:0, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, 16:1t, 18:1t, 18:2t. Resultados: 112 adultos responderam a pelo menos um dos inquéritos alimentares. As médias de ingestão pelo QFA foram superiores que as médias analisadas pelos R24, com significância estatística para energia, carboidrato, proteína, fibra, colesterol, AG 16:0 e AG 16:1t. Em relação à validação, para os 11 AG analisados, 7 apresentaram correlações significativas e os melhores resultados foram para 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:1t e 18:2t (r > 0,4). Para a reprodutibilidade, todas as correlações foram significativas para os 17 nutrientes analisados e, destes, 82% apresentaram correlações superiores a 0,4. Para a validação do consumo de frutas e hortaliças como indicador de ingestão nutricional, as melhores correlações foram obtidas entre o somatório do consumo de frutas e hortaliças e a ingestão energética e de lipídio dos R24 (p < 0,01). Estes resultados sugerem que há uma relação entre o maior consumo de frutas e hortaliças e menor ingestão de energia e lipídio. Conclusão: O QFA elaborado apresentou boa validade e reprodutibilidade. Os AG que apresentaram melhor coeficiente de validação foram 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:1t e 18:2t. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTObjective: To validate and test the reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), focused on lipids and fatty acids (FA), for an adult population of Distrito Federal, and to test the validity of a fruit and vegetable intake questionnaire as an indicator of nutrient intake of this population. Methods: Four 24-hour dietary recalls (24DR) and two FFQ were applied in a home interview. Subjects of this study were men and women of 18 years of age or older, participants of a pilot study of the VIVA saúde DF project and had answered a questionnaire about fruits and vegetable frequencies of intake. The FFQ were developed based on the first 24DR and following nutrients were the validation variables: energy, carbohydrate, protein, lipids, fiber, cholesterol, saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, trans FA and the FA 12:0, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3, 16:1t, 18:1t, 18:2t. Results: 112 adults answered at least one questionnaire. The mean nutrient intake using FFQ were generally higher than those obtained from 24DR, with statistical significance to energy, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, cholesterol, and the FA 16:0 and 16:1t. For the validity analyses, of the eleven FA, seven were significantly correlated and the best results were for the FA 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:1t and 18:2t (r > 0.4). For the reproducibility analyses, all seventeen nutrients evaluated were significantly correlated and 82% of them had correlations above 0.4. For the validation of fruit and vegetable consumptions as indicators of nutrient intake, the best correlations were obtained between the sum of fruit and vegetable intake and the energy and lipid ingested in the 24DR (p < 0.01). These results suggest the existence of a negative relationship between energy and lipid consumptions and the intake of fruits and vegetables. Conclusions: The FFQ developed in this study has good validity and reproducibility. The FA with the highest validities were 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:1t, 18:2t

As incubadoras de empreendimentos econômicos solidários no contexto do Programa Bahia Solidária

Percorremos, no Brasil, mais de duas décadas de formulação e implantação de políticas públicas em economia solidária, ainda assim, muitas experiências ainda são desconhecidas e pouco investigadas. Este artigo foi elaborado por pesquisadores da área, dentre eles, técnicos e ex-técnicos que atuaram na formulação e implantação da ação orçamentária denominada: Incubadoras Públicas de Empreendimentos de Economia Solidária do Programa Bahia Solidária: Mais Trabalho e Renda do Governo do Estado da Bahia referente ao Plano Plurianual (PPA) 2008–2011. O objetivo geral desta proposta foi descrever as estratégias inovadoras utilizadas inicialmente para implantar esta ação no PPA citado. Para tanto, foi necessário: 1) resgatar o histórico das políticas públicas em economia solidária no Brasil e, em especial, na Bahia 2) sistematizar o histórico da formulação e concepção da ação orçamentária objeto deste estudo 3) resgatar as estratégias de implantação, contextos e parcerias firmadas naquele período e por fim, 4) refletir sobre as inovações, avanços e desafios das estratégias adotadas. Enquanto resultados cabem destacar a multiatorialidade presente na concepção da proposta no que tange ao formato democrático desta política pública, desde a parceria com a Rede Nacional de Gestores de Economia Solidária, até a criação de um Comitê Propositivo em articulação com a sociedade civil. A interinstitucionalidade também pode ser considerada uma das características que marcaram positivamente a implantação da ação orçamentária pesquisada, pois permitiu resultados mais robustos articulando o Fundo Estadual de Combate e Erradicação à Pobreza (FUNCEP) e autarquias como a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) e o Instituto de Artesanato Visconde de Mauá

Projeto "a escola promovendo hábitos alimentares saudáveis": comparação de duas estratégias de educação nutricional no Distrito Federal, Brasil "Promotion of healthy eating habits by schools" study: comparison of two nutrition education strategies in the Federal District of Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar e comparar o conhecimento sobre nutrição de professores e alunos do Projeto "a escola promovendo hábitos alimentares saudáveis", submetidos a duas estratégias de educação nutricional em escolas do Distrito Federal. MÉTODOS: O Projeto Escola utilizou duas estratégias de intervenção em educação nutricional: intervenção nutricional (A) ações educativas realizadas na comunidade escolar pela equipe; e intervenção nutricional (B) ações educativas desenvolvidas por professores que frequentaram oficinas de capacitação. O conhecimento das crianças foi avaliado por meio de um instrumento sobre pirâmide dos alimentos e um sobre higiene pessoal; sendo aplicado com os professores um questionário do tipo verdadeiro ou falso. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 4 escolas com intervenção A (180 alunos e 19 professores) e 4 com intervenção B (129 alunos e 16 professores). A média de acertos no instrumento de pirâmide dos alimentos foi de 3,2 e 2,9 (p=0,37), respectivamente pelas crianças que receberam as intervenções nutricionais A e B. Na atividade sobre higiene pessoal, para estes mesmos alunos, observaram-se percentuais de acerto de 61,1% e 73,6% (p=0,10). Os professores que receberam as intervenções nutricionais A e B obtiveram percentuais de acertos semelhantes nos questionários, em torno de 90,0% (p=0,06). CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se que os dois tipos de intervenção de educação nutricional foram igualmente úteis para promover o conhecimento de alunos e professores. Portanto, faz-se necessário incentivar a realização de processos de educação nutricional no ambiente escolar, de acordo com a diretriz da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição que diz respeito à promoção da saúde.<br>OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the nutrition knowledge of teachers and students who participated in the study "Promotion of healthy eating habits by schools" and were submitted to two different strategies of nutrition education in schools of the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS: The study administered two strategies of nutrition education intervention: nutrition intervention (A) administration of educational activities in the school community by the research team; and nutrition intervention (B) educational activities were administered by teachers who participated in the training workshops..The knowledge of the students was assessed by an instrument based on the food pyramid and another one based on personal hygiene. The teachers were assessed by means of a true-or-false questionnaire. RESULTS: Four schools submitted to nutrition intervention A (180 students and 19 teachers) and four schools submitted to nutrition intervention B (129 students and 16 teachers) were assessed. The average number of correct answers given by the students on the instrument based on the food pyramid was 3.2 for students in intervention A and 2.9 for students in intervention B (p=0.37). On the instrument about personal hygiene for the same students, 61.1% and 73.6%, respectively, answered it correctly (p=0.10). The teachers submitted to interventions A and B answered a similar number of questions correctly, around 90.0% (p=0.06). CONCLUSION: This study showed that two different types of nutrition education intervention were equally useful to promote nutrition knowledge among teachers and students. Therefore, it is necessary to promote nutrition education programs in schools, in accordance with the National Food and Nutrition Policies, which regard health promotion strategies