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Nitric oxide is necessary for labilization of a consolidated context memory during reconsolidation in terrestrial snails

© 2014 Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be involved in associative memory formation. We investigated the influence of blocking NO function on the reconsolidation of context memory in terrestrial snails (Helix lucorum L.). After a 10 day session of electric shocks in one context only, context memory in snails was observed in test sessions as the significant difference of amplitudes of withdrawal responses to tactile stimuli in two different contexts. After a 1 day rest, a session of 'reminding' was performed, preceded by injection in different groups of the snails with either vehicle or combination of the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin (ANI) with one of the following drugs: the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO, the NO-synthase inhibitors N-omega-nitro-L-arginin, nitroindazole and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, or the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine. Testing the context memory at different time intervals after the reminder under ANI injection showed that the context memory was impaired at 24 h and later, whereas the reminder under combined injection of ANI and each of the NO-synthase inhibitors used or the NO scavenger showed no impairment of long-term context memory. Injection of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine with or without reminder had no effect on context memory. The results obtained demonstrated that NO is necessary for labilization of a consolidated context memory. After a 10-day session of electric shocks in one context only, context memory in snails was observed in test sessions as the significant difference of amplitudes of withdrawal responses to tactile stimuli in two different contexts.A session of 'reminding', preceded by injection either with vehicle, or combination of a protein synthesis blocker anisomycin (ANI) with one of the NO-synthase inhibitors has shown that the context memory was impaired, while the reminder under combined injection of ANI and each of the NO-synthase inhibitors used or the NO scavenger showed no impairment of long-term context memory. Obtained results demonstrate that NO is necessary for labilization of a consolidated context memory

Равновесия ионного обмена кальция, магния и калия на протон на волокнистом карбоксильном ионите

By the method of potentiometric titration of a fibrous aminocarboxylic polyampholyte with a predominant content of carboxyl groups, the equilibrium of the cation exchange of calcium, magnesium, and potassium ions for a hydrogen ion was studied. Due to the low solubility of calcium and magnesium hydroxides in these cases, titration was carried out by Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2, which are formed in solution upon contact with the H-form of the ion exchanger оf increasing portions of solid CaO and MgO. This made it possible to obtain titration curves in a wide range of pH and calcium and magnesium chlorides concentration (0–0.1 eq./L). The dependences of the swelling of ion exchangers on the neutralization degree with the bases of the studied cations are obtained. The coefficients of ion-exchange equilibria are calculated. It was found that the swelling of the ion exchanger is relatively little dependent on its ionic form. The ion exchanger has a higher affinity for calcium than magnesium ion.Методом потенциометрического титрования волокнистого аминокарбоксильного полиамфолита с преобладающим содержанием карбоксильных групп изучено равновесие катионного обмена ионов кальция, магния и калия на ион водорода. В связи с низкой растворимостью гидроксидов кальция и магния в этих случаях титрование проводилось Са(ОН)2 и Mg(ОН)2, образующихся в растворе, контактирующим с Н-формой ионита, при добавлении в нее возрастающих порций твердых СaO и МgО. Это позволило получить кривые титрования в широком интервале рН и концентраций хлоридов кальция и магния (0–0,1 экв/л). Получены зависимости набухания ионитов от их степени нейтрализации основаниями изученных катионов. Рассчитаны коэффициенты равновесия обмена. Установлено, что набухание ионита сравнительно мало зависит от степени замещения водорода металлическим ионом ионной формы. Ионит имеет более высокое сродство к иону кальция, чем магния

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПИЩЕВЫХ ДОБАВОК НА ОСНОВЕ ИК-СУШЁНЫХ ОВОЩЕЙ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ ПРОДУКТОВ ПИТАНИЯ ЛЕЧЕБНО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ

The paper considers the possibility to use IR-dried vegetable-based food additives when making nutrition stuffs for therapeutic and disease-preventive purposes. Nutrition is one of the most important factors of the relationship between man and environment. Nowadays burning is the issue to develop the technology to make nutrition stuffs on the basis of available raw stock sources abundant with biologically active substances. Vegetables are the sources of vitamins (A, B3, B6, B9, C, E, PP), saccharides (grape, fruit sugars, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic, oxalic), mineral substances. Vegetable composition also contains pectin capable to form compounds with heavy metals and excrete them out of the body. In recent years the largest use has been put to vegetable ingredients with minimal moisture: whole or ground to the size required, up to powder, produced by drying. Particularly common became the latest methods of vegetable raw stock drying including infrared (IR) drying. IR-dried vegetables retain their natural color, aroma and flavor. They are quick to resume their original size in water; they do not lose their beneficial properties in continuous storage. A physiological experiment established that food additives of beet, pumpkin and carrot influence some physiological and biochemical indices in rats. Powder-like dry food of vegetables can be widely used by public catering establishments and food industry as food and flavor additives and for manufacturing therapeutic and diseasepreventive stuffs.Рассмотрена возможность использования пищевых добавок на основе ИК-сушеных овощей при создании продуктов питания лечебно-профилактического назначения. Питание является одним из важнейших факторов связи человека с  внешней средой. Сегодня актуальна разработка технологии производства продуктов питания на основе доступных источников сырья, богатых биологически активными веществами. Овощи являются источником витаминов (А, В3 , В6 , В9 , С, Е, РР), сахаридов (виноградный, фруктовый сахара, сахароза), органических кислот (лимонная, яблочная, щавелевая), минеральных веществ. Также в овощи содержат в своем составе пектин, который способен образовывать соединения с тяжелыми металлами и выводить их из организма. В последние годы наибольшее применение нашли овощные ингредиенты с минимальной влажностью – цельные или измельчённые до необходимого размера, вплоть до порошка, полученные путём сушки. Особое распространение получили прогрессивные методы обезвоживания растительного сырья, в том числе инфракрасная (ИК) сушка. ИК-сушеные овощи сохраняют свой естественный цвет, натуральный запах и  вкус, быстро восстанавливаются в  прежних размерах в воде и при длительном хранении не теряют полезных свойств. В физиологическом опыте установлено влияние пищевых добавок из свеклы, тыквы, моркови на некоторые физиологические и биохимические показатели крыс. Порошкообразные сухие продукты из овощей могут широко использоваться предприятиями общественного питания, пищевой промышленности в качестве пищевых и вкусовых добавок, а также при создании лечебно-профилактических продуктов

Каталитический способ получения полиамфолитов на основе полиакрилонитрильного волокна

Fibrous amino carboxylic ion exchangers with different anionic and cationic exchange capacity have been prepared by a new method of the high-temperature catalytic amination of the PAN fiber nitrile groups. Chelating ion exchangers with aminodiacetic functional groups has been obtained from these ion exchangers by alkylation reaction. Mechanical properties of monofilaments of obtained materials have been studied. Acid-base properties for each functional group type of the synthesized ion exchangers have been determined by the earlier proposed method.Новым способом высокотемпературного каталитического аминирования нитрильных групп ПАН волокнаполучены аниониты с различной обменной емкостью и соотношением между карбоксильными и аминнымигруппами. На их основе путем алкилирования получены хелатные иониты с аминоацетатными и аминодиацетатными функциональными группами. Определена механическая прочность моноволокон полученных ионитов. С использованием предложенного ранее метода анализа результатов потенциометрического титрования определены кислотно-основные свойства синтезированных материалов с разделением функциональных групп по видам

Титрование хелатообразующего волокнистого сорбента в присутствии комплексообразующих двухвалентных катионов

Titration curves of H-forms of the fibrous chelating sorbent with iminodiacetic groups based on industrial polyacrylonitrile fiber Nitron with potassium hydroxide in 1M KCl solution in the presence of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Ca2+ chlorides were obtained. The method used made it possible to simultaneously measure the pH of the solution and the concentration of the divalent cation at each point of the titration curve. From these data, the dependences of their sorption values on the pH of the equilibrium solution were calculated. The curves of direct and back titration practically coincided in all cases. As the pH changed during titration, precipitation was observed at pH values of precipitation of the corresponding hydroxides. In this case, the increase in pH was suspended or greatly slowed down by adding alkali to the titration cell. The formation of a precipitate occurred mainly in a solution for Co2+ and Ni2+ (pH 8), when the ion exchanger was saturated with a metal ion. In the case of Cu2+ (precipitate formation pH 4), Cu2+ sorption occurs at both lower and higher pH due to ionization of carboxyl groups and partial dissolution of the precipitate. In all cases, the maximum sorption of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ca2+ corresponded to the formation of sorption complexes of the R–N(CH2COO-)2Me2+ type.Получены кривые титрования Н-форм волокнистого хелатного сорбента с иминодиацетатными группами на основе промышленного полиакрилонитрильного волокна Нитрон гидроксидом калия в 1М растворе KСl в присутствии хлоридов Ni2+, Со2+, Сu2+ и Ca2+. Использованный метод позволял одновременное измерение рН раствора и концентрации двухвалентного катиона в каждой точке кривой титрования. Из этих данных были рассчитаны зависимости величин их сорбции от рН равновесного раствора. Кривые прямого и обратного титрования во всех случаях практически совпадали. По мере изменения рН при титровании наблюдалось выпадение осадков соответствующих гидроксидов. При этом возрастание рН приостанавливалось или сильно замедлялось при добавлении щелочи в ячейку для титрования. Образование осадка происходило преимущественно в растворе для Со2+ и Ni2+ (pH 8), когда ионит был насыщен металлическим ионом. В случае Сu2+ (рН образования осадка 4) сорбция Cu2+ происходит и при более низких, и при более высоких рН за счет ионизации карбоксильных групп и частичного растворения осадка. Во всех случаях максимальная сорбция Ni2+, Со2+, Сu2+, Ca2+ соответствовала образованию сорбционных комплексов типа R–N(CH2COO–)2 Me2+

Oxytocin signal and social behaviour: comparison among adult and infant oxytocin, oxytocin receptor and CD38 gene knockout mice.

金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系Oxytocin in the hypothalamus is the biological basis of social recognition, trust, love and bonding. Previously, we showed that CD38, a proliferation marker in leukaemia cells, plays an important role in the hypothalamus in the process of oxytocin release in adult mice. Disruption of Cd38 (Cd38 (-/-)) elicited impairment of maternal behaviour and male social recognition in adult mice, similar to the behaviour observed in Oxt and oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) gene knockout (Oxt (-/-) and Oxtr (-/-), respectively) mice. Locomotor activity induced by separation from the dam was higher and the number of ultrasonic vocalisation calls was lower in Cd38 (-/-) than Cd38( +/+) pups. However, these behavioural changes were much milder than those observed in Oxt (-/-) and Oxtr (-/-) mice, indicating less impairment of social behaviour in Cd38 (-/-) pups. These phenotypes appeared to be caused by the high plasma oxytocin levels during development from the neonatal period to 3-week-old juvenile mice. ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity was markedly lower in the knockout mice from birth, suggesting that weaning for mice is a critical time window of plasma oxytocin differentiation. Breastfeeding was an important exogenous source of plasma oxytocin regulation before weaning as a result of the presence of oxytocin in milk and the dam\u27s mammary glands. The dissimilarity between Cd38 (-/-) infant behaviour and those of Oxt (-/-) or Oxtr (-/-) mice can be explained partly by this exogenous source of oxytocin. These results suggest that secretion of oxytocin into the brain in a CD38-dependent manner may play an important role in the development of social behaviour

The state of the Martian climate

60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981–2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes

Identification of Novel High-Frequency DNA Methylation Changes in Breast Cancer

Recent data have revealed that epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and chromatin structure changes, are among the earliest molecular abnormalities to occur during tumorigenesis. The inherent thermodynamic stability of cytosine methylation and the apparent high specificity of the alterations for disease may accelerate the development of powerful molecular diagnostics for cancer. We report a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation alterations in breast cancer. The approach efficiently identified a large collection of novel differentially DNA methylated loci (∼200), a subset of which was independently validated across a panel of over 230 clinical samples. The differential cytosine methylation events were independent of patient age, tumor stage, estrogen receptor status or family history of breast cancer. The power of the global approach for discovery is underscored by the identification of a single differentially methylated locus, associated with the GHSR gene, capable of distinguishing infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma from normal and benign breast tissues with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 96%, respectively. Notably, the frequency of these molecular abnormalities in breast tumors substantially exceeds the frequency of any other single genetic or epigenetic change reported to date. The discovery of over 50 novel DNA methylation-based biomarkers of breast cancer may provide new routes for development of DNA methylation-based diagnostics and prognostics, as well as reveal epigenetically regulated mechanism involved in breast tumorigenesis

Synaptic Reorganization in the Adult Rat's Ventral Cochlear Nucleus following Its Total Sensory Deafferentation

Ablation of a cochlea causes total sensory deafferentation of the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem, providing a model to investigate nervous degeneration and formation of new synaptic contacts in the adult brain. In a quantitative electron microscopical study on the plasticity of the central auditory system of the Wistar rat, we first determined what fraction of the total number of synaptic contact zones (SCZs) in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) is attributable to primary sensory innervation and how many synapses remain after total unilateral cochlear ablation. Second, we attempted to identify the potential for a deafferentation-dependent synaptogenesis. SCZs were ultrastructurally identified before and after deafferentation in tissue treated for ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (EPTA) staining. This was combined with pre-embedding immunocytochemistry for gephyrin identifying inhibitory SCZs, the growth-associated protein GAP-43, glutamate, and choline acetyltransferase. A stereological analysis of EPTA stained sections revealed 1.11±0.09 (S.E.M.)×109 SCZs per mm3 of AVCN tissue. Within 7 days of deafferentation, this number was down by 46%. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses were differentially affected on the side of deafferentation. Excitatory synapses were quickly reduced and then began to increase in number again, necessarily being complemented from sources other than cochlear neurons, while inhibitory synapses were reduced more slowly and continuously. The result was a transient rise of the relative fraction of inhibitory synapses with a decline below original levels thereafter. Synaptogenesis was inferred by the emergence of morphologically immature SCZs that were consistently associated with GAP-43 immunoreactivity. SCZs of this type were estimated to make up a fraction of close to 30% of the total synaptic population present by ten weeks after sensory deafferentation. In conclusion, there appears to be a substantial potential for network reorganization and synaptogenesis in the auditory brainstem after loss of hearing, even in the adult brain