Intergenerational Transmission Of Motives.

PhDSocial psychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/186059/2/6101794.pd

The transforming nature of metaphors in group development: a study in group theory

It is proposed in this paper that members' creation of metaphors facilitates further expression and development of the group. Few methodologies for group inquiry help us in understanding the tacit awareness (Polanyi, 1959) of members as the group is in the process of interacting. One way of dis­ covering members' awareness is by paying attention to their language, specifically their creation of metaphors. We would like to put forth propositions concerning metaphor and group process that suggest how: (I ) paying atten­tion to metaphors are indicators of a group's phase of development and can lead to a discovery of the tacit awareness of group members; (2/ metaphor facilitates learning and overcomes resistance to otherwise difficult subjects; (3) metaphor is generative and facilitates contact between group members and in this way supports the growth and development of the group; and (4) as individuals articulate metaphors to express their feelings and perceptions while attempting to understand their experience in the group, they are constructing their own social reality. Therefore, to look at the group's metaphor is to see the group development, to identify the social construction of reality in its nascent stages. To support these propositions, we will cite data from various laboratory group experiences

Molecular diversity of methanogenic archaea and methane production potential of soil in relation to rice cultivars

506-513Rice is a staple food of human kind and its demand is ever increasing. Asia accounts for 91% of global rice production of which India contributes 23%. The increasing demand has led to the development of various high yielding varieties and cultivars. Rice cultivation in flooded fields is known to influence the atmospheric methane-budget. Here, we studied the effects of rice cultivars on methane (CH4) production, methanogenic archaeal diversity and abundance in Indian rice soils using six rice cultivars (IDR 763, HUR 3022, Sahbhagi, Swarna sub 1, MTU 7029 and BPT 5204). Methanogen community size and diversity was analyzed using qPCR and DGGE targeting mcr A and 16S rRNA gene fragments, respectively. Methanogenic community size varied among cultivars (1.65-97.6 × 105 copies g-1 dws). The diversity analysis revealed five methanogenic groups i.e., Methanocellaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosaetaceae and Methanosarcinaceae common to all the cultivar samples but with varying composition. Methane production of soil samples was in the order: Sahbhagi <HUR 3022 <IDR 763 <Swarna sub 1 <MTU 7029 <BPT 5204. It has been observed that rice cultivars with different plant biomass could provide favourable niche for the prevalence of methanogenic archaeal community that imparts differential effects on soil CH4 production