El Gobierno Corporativo, ¿en el Ecuador?

El término gobierno corporativo es análogo al gobierno de las naciones o de las ciudades, y en nuestro caso al régimen de las empresas. Es el conjunto de elementos que rodean e interactúan en la política de la sociedad mercantil, y su pleno funcionamiento con el fin de obtener las mayores utilidades corporativas a corto y largo plazo.El término gobierno corporativo es análogo al gobierno de las naciones o de las ciudades, y en nuestro caso al régimen de las empresas. Es el conjunto de elementos que rodean e interactúan en la política de la sociedad mercantil, y su pleno funcionamiento con el fin de obtener las mayores utilidades corporativas a corto y largo plazo

La posición jurídica del titular de la marca registrada en España y la Comunidad Económica Europea

¿Qué hace una marca? ¿Por qué es importante el estudio de las marcas y los nombres comerciales? Por varias razones las marcas y los nombres comerciales tienen cada vez mayor trascendencia en la vida cotidiana de las personas y de los negocios: tan solo en Ecuador se han registrado casi cien mil marcas en 12 años. La Internet, la televisión por satélite, la publicidad global entre otros factores han permito una mayor intemacionalización de los productos y servicios. El mundo del siglo XXI -caracterizado por una neoeconomía de mercado- mantiene varias exigencias en el comercio internacional y requiere de una mayor protección de los bienes producidos y comercializados. Esto ha conllevado a un mayor desarrollo en el ámbito jurídico de la posición del titular de la marca registrada, reflejado con la promulgación de la nueva Ley española de Marcas de 2001 (LM 17/2001), y por convenios mundiales como las rondas del GATT, los ADPIC, la OMC y la OMPI. En el marco de la Comunidad Andina (CA) encontramos la Decisión 486 sobre el Régimen Común sobre Propiedad Industria y la referencia específica sobre marcas en el artículo 55 del Acuerdo de Cartagena.¿Qué hace una marca? ¿Por qué es importante el estudio de las marcas y los nombres comerciales? Por varias razones las marcas y los nombres comerciales tienen cada vez mayor trascendencia en la vida cotidiana de las personas y de los negocios: tan solo en Ecuador se han registrado casi cien mil marcas en 12 años. La Internet, la televisión por satélite, la publicidad global entre otros factores han permito una mayor intemacionalización de los productos y servicios. El mundo del siglo XXI -caracterizado por una neoeconomía de mercado- mantiene varias exigencias en el comercio internacional y requiere de una mayor protección de los bienes producidos y comercializados. Esto ha conllevado a un mayor desarrollo en el ámbito jurídico de la posición del titular de la marca registrada, reflejado con la promulgación de la nueva Ley española de Marcas de 2001 (LM 17/2001), y por convenios mundiales como las rondas del GATT, los ADPIC, la OMC y la OMPI. En el marco de la Comunidad Andina (CA) encontramos la Decisión 486 sobre el Régimen Común sobre Propiedad Industria y la referencia específica sobre marcas en el artículo 55 del Acuerdo de Cartagena

The metabolome regulates the epigenetic landscape during naive-to-primed human embryonic stem cell transition.

For nearly a century developmental biologists have recognized that cells from embryos can differ in their potential to differentiate into distinct cell types. Recently, it has been recognized that embryonic stem cells derived from both mice and humans exhibit two stable yet epigenetically distinct states of pluripotency: naive and primed. We now show that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) and the metabolic state regulate pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).  Specifically, in naive hESCs, NNMT and its enzymatic product 1-methylnicotinamide are highly upregulated, and NNMT is required for low S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) levels and the H3K27me3 repressive state. NNMT consumes SAM in naive cells, making it unavailable for histone methylation that represses Wnt and activates the HIF pathway in primed hESCs. These data support the hypothesis that the metabolome regulates the epigenetic landscape of the earliest steps in human development

Figurative language processing in atypical populations: the ASD perspective

This document is protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. It is reproduced with permissionThis paper is intended to provide a critical overview of experimental and clinical research documenting problems in figurative language processing in atypical populations with a focus on the Autistic Spectrum. Research in the comprehension and processing of figurative language in autism invariably documents problems in this area. The greater paradox is that even at the higher end of the spectrum or in the cases of linguistically talented individuals with Asperger syndrome, where structural language competence is intact, problems with extended language persist. If we assume that figurative and extended uses of language essentially depend on the perception and processing of more concrete core concepts and phenomena, the commonly observed failure in atypical populations to understand figurative language remains a puzzle. Various accounts have been offered to explain this issue, ranging from linking potential failure directly to overall structural language competence (Norbury, 2005; Brock et al., 2008) to right-hemispheric involvement (Gold and Faust, 2010). We argue that the dissociation between structural language and figurative language competence in autism should be sought in more general cognitive mechanisms and traits in the autistic phenotype (e.g., in terms of weak central coherence, Vulchanova et al., 2012b), as well as failure at on-line semantic integration with increased complexity and diversity of the stimuli (Coulson and Van Petten, 2002). This perspective is even more compelling in light of similar problems in a number of conditions, including both acquired (e.g., Aphasia) and developmental disorders (Williams Syndrome). This dissociation argues against a simple continuity view of language interpretation

Why Did Memetics Fail? Comparative Case Study

Although the theory of memetics appeared highly promising at the beginning, it is no longer considered a scientific theory among contemporary evolutionary scholars. This study aims to compare the genealogy of memetics with the historically more successful gene-culture coevolution theory. This comparison is made in order to determine the constraints that emerged during the internal development of the memetics theory that could bias memeticists to work on the ontology of meme units as opposed to hypotheses testing, which was adopted by the gene-culture scholars. I trace this problem back to the diachronic development of memetics to its origin in the gene-centered anti-group-selectionist argument of George C. Williams and Richard Dawkins. The strict adoption of this argument predisposed memeticists with the a priori idea that there is no evolution without discrete units of selection, which in turn, made them dependent on the principal separation of biological and memetic fitness. This separation thus prevented memeticists from accepting an adaptationist view of culture which, on the contrary, allowed gene-culture theorists to attract more scientists to test the hypotheses, creating the historical success of the gene-culture coevolution theory

Ontogeny vs. phylogeny in Primate/Canid comparisons: a meta-analysis of the object choice task

The Object Choice Task (OCT) is a widely used paradigm with which researchers measure the ability of a subject to comprehend deictic (directional) cues, such as pointing gestures and eye gaze. There is a widespread belief that nonhuman primates evince only a weak capacity to use deictic cues; in contrast, domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) tend to demonstrate high success rates. This pattern of canid superiority has been taken to support the Domestication Hypothesis, which posits enhancing effects of artificial selection on the sociocognitive abilities of dogs and humans. Here we review nearly two decades of published findings, using variants of the OCT. We find systematic confounds with species classification in task-relevant preparation of the subjects, in the imposition of a barrier between reward and subject, and in the specific deictic cues used to indicate the location of hidden objects. Thus, the widespread belief that dogs outperform primates on OCTs is undermined by the systematic procedural differences in the assessments of these skills, differences that are confounded with taxonomic classification

Genome-wide analysis reveals the extent of EAV-HP integration in domestic chicken

Background: EAV-HP is an ancient retrovirus pre-dating Gallus speciation, which continues to circulate in modern chicken populations, and led to the emergence of avian leukosis virus subgroup J causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. We mapped EAV-HP integration sites in Ethiopian village chickens, a Silkie, Taiwan Country chicken, red junglefowl Gallusgallus and several inbred experimental lines using whole-genome sequence data. Results: An average of 75.22 ± 9.52 integration sites per bird were identified, which collectively group into 279 intervals of which 5% are common to 90% of the genomes analysed and are suggestive of pre-domestication integration events. More than a third of intervals are specific to individual genomes, supporting active circulation of EAV-HP in modern chickens. Interval density is correlated with chromosome length (P<2.31−6), and 27 % of intervals are located within 5 kb of a transcript. Functional annotation clustering of genes reveals enrichment for immune-related functions (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our results illustrate a non-random distribution of EAV-HP in the genome, emphasising the importance it may have played in the adaptation of the species, and provide a platform from which to extend investigations on the co-evolutionary significance of endogenous retroviral genera with their hosts

On the Formation of Collective Memories: The Role of a Dominant Narrator.

To test our hypothesis that conversations can contribute to the formation of collective memory, we asked participants to study stories and to recall them individually (pregroup recollection), then as a group (group recounting), and then once again individually (postgroup recollection). One way that postgroup collective memories can be formed under these circumstances is if unshared pregroup recollections in the group recounting influences others\u27 postgroup recollections. In the present research, we explored (using tests of recall and recognition) whether the presence of a dominant narrator can facilitate the emergence of unshared pregroup recollections in a group recounting and whether this emergence is associated with changes in postgroup recollections. We argue that the formation of a collective memory through conversation is not inevitable but is limited by cognitive factors, such as conditions for social contagion, and by situational factors, such as the presence of a narrator