Effects and moderators of exercise on quality of life and physical function in patients with cancer:An individual patient data meta-analysis of 34 RCTs

This individual patient data meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise on quality of life (QoL) and physical function (PF) in patients with cancer, and to identify moderator effects of demographic (age, sex, marital status, education), clinical (body mass index, cancer type, presence of metastasis), intervention-related (intervention timing, delivery mode and duration, and type of control group), and exercise-related (exercise frequency, intensity, type, time) characteristics. Relevant published and unpublished studies were identified in September 2012 via PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, reference checking and personal communications. Principle investigators of all 69 eligible trials were requested to share IPD from their study. IPD from 34 randomised controlled trials (n=4,519 patients) that evaluated the effects of exercise compared to a usual care, wait-list or attention control group on QoL and PF in adult patients with cancer were retrieved and pooled. Linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the effects of the exercise on post-intervention outcome values (z-score) adjusting for baseline values. Moderator effects were studies by testing interactions. Exercise significantly improved QoL (β=0.15, 95%CI=0.10;0.20) and PF (β=0.18,95%CI=0.13;0.23). The effects were not moderated by demographic, clinical or exercise characteristics. Effects on QoL (βdifference_in_effect=0.13, 95%CI=0.03;0.22) and PF (βdifference_in_effect=0.10, 95%CI=0.01;0.20) were significantly larger for supervised than unsupervised interventions. In conclusion, exercise, and particularly supervised exercise, effectively improves QoL and PF in patients with cancer with different demographic and clinical characteristics during and following treatment. Although effect sizes are small, there is consistent empirical evidence to support implementation of exercise as part of cancer care

Electron Transfer Studies on Ferrocenylthiophenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Electrochemistry

The ferrocenylthiophenes 2,3-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>9</b>), 2,4-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>10</b>), and 2,3,4-Fc₃-^<i>c</i>C₄HS (<b>11</b>) have been prepared by a 2- or 3-fold Negishi cross-coupling reaction of the appropriate bromo thiophenes <b>5</b>–<b>7</b> with FcZnCl (<b>8</b>; Fc = Fe­(η⁵-C₅H₄)­(η⁵-C₅H₅)) in the presence of either [Pd­(PPh₃)₄] or [Pd­(CH₂CMe₂P^<i>t</i>Bu₂)­(μ-Cl)]₂ as catalyst. Concerning electron transfer studies on ferrocenyl-substituted aromatic heterocycles, the electrochemistry as well as in situ UV–vis–near-IR spectroelectrochemistry highlight the electrochemical properties of these compounds in a series of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraferrocenylthiophenes, including 2-Fc-^<i>c</i>C₄H₃S (<b>1</b>), 3-Fc-^<i>c</i>C₄H₃S (<b>2</b>), 2,5-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>3</b>), 3,4-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>4</b>), 2,3,5-Fc₃-^<i>c</i>C₄HS (<b>12</b>), and 2,3,4,5-Fc₄-^<i>c</i>C₄S (<b>13</b>). These organometallic compounds display one (<b>1</b>, <b>2</b>), two (<b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>9</b>, <b>10</b>), three (<b>11</b>, <b>12</b>), or four (<b>13</b>) well-resolved electrochemically reversible one-electron-transfer processes using [N^<i>n</i>Bu₄]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] as the supporting electrolyte. The spectroelectrochemical studies reveal that ferrocenyl units placed in the α-position of the thiophene ring interact more strongly with the heterocycle than those in the β-position. Thus, the intensity of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) absorptions, caused by interactions between the thiophene core and the ferrocenyl moieties, decreases from <b>1</b>^<b>+</b> to <b>2</b>^<b>+</b>. Furthermore, in the series of diferrocenylthiophenes the interaction between the iron centers in the mono-oxidized compounds decreases in the series <b>3</b>^<b>+</b> > <b>9</b>^<b>+</b> > <b>10</b>^<b>+</b> > <b>4</b>^<b>+</b>. The structural properties of <b>10</b> were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, indicating that <b>10</b> possesses a syn conformation in the solid state with respect to the orientation of the two ferrocenyl units along the central thiophene core. Compound <b>10</b> is isomorphic with <b>3</b>

Electron Transfer Studies on Ferrocenylthiophenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Electrochemistry

The ferrocenylthiophenes 2,3-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>9</b>), 2,4-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>10</b>), and 2,3,4-Fc₃-^<i>c</i>C₄HS (<b>11</b>) have been prepared by a 2- or 3-fold Negishi cross-coupling reaction of the appropriate bromo thiophenes <b>5</b>–<b>7</b> with FcZnCl (<b>8</b>; Fc = Fe­(η⁵-C₅H₄)­(η⁵-C₅H₅)) in the presence of either [Pd­(PPh₃)₄] or [Pd­(CH₂CMe₂P^<i>t</i>Bu₂)­(μ-Cl)]₂ as catalyst. Concerning electron transfer studies on ferrocenyl-substituted aromatic heterocycles, the electrochemistry as well as in situ UV–vis–near-IR spectroelectrochemistry highlight the electrochemical properties of these compounds in a series of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraferrocenylthiophenes, including 2-Fc-^<i>c</i>C₄H₃S (<b>1</b>), 3-Fc-^<i>c</i>C₄H₃S (<b>2</b>), 2,5-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>3</b>), 3,4-Fc₂-^<i>c</i>C₄H₂S (<b>4</b>), 2,3,5-Fc₃-^<i>c</i>C₄HS (<b>12</b>), and 2,3,4,5-Fc₄-^<i>c</i>C₄S (<b>13</b>). These organometallic compounds display one (<b>1</b>, <b>2</b>), two (<b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>9</b>, <b>10</b>), three (<b>11</b>, <b>12</b>), or four (<b>13</b>) well-resolved electrochemically reversible one-electron-transfer processes using [N^<i>n</i>Bu₄]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] as the supporting electrolyte. The spectroelectrochemical studies reveal that ferrocenyl units placed in the α-position of the thiophene ring interact more strongly with the heterocycle than those in the β-position. Thus, the intensity of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) absorptions, caused by interactions between the thiophene core and the ferrocenyl moieties, decreases from <b>1</b>^<b>+</b> to <b>2</b>^<b>+</b>. Furthermore, in the series of diferrocenylthiophenes the interaction between the iron centers in the mono-oxidized compounds decreases in the series <b>3</b>^<b>+</b> > <b>9</b>^<b>+</b> > <b>10</b>^<b>+</b> > <b>4</b>^<b>+</b>. The structural properties of <b>10</b> were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, indicating that <b>10</b> possesses a syn conformation in the solid state with respect to the orientation of the two ferrocenyl units along the central thiophene core. Compound <b>10</b> is isomorphic with <b>3</b>