Visualizing risky situations induces a stronger neural response in brain areas associated with mental imagery and emotions than visualizing non-risky situations

In an fMRI study, we tested the prediction that visualizing risky situations induces a stronger neural response in brain areas associated with mental imagery and emotions than visualizing non-risky and more positive situations. We assumed that processing mental images that allow for “trying-out” the future has greater adaptive importance for risky than non-risky situations, because the former can generate severe negative outcomes. We identified several brain regions that were activated when participants produced images of risky situations and these regions overlap with brain areas engaged in visual, speech, and movement imagery. We also found that producing images of risky situations, in contrast to non-risky situations, was associated with increased neural activation in the insular cortex and cerebellum–the regions involved, among other functions, in emotional processing. Finally, we observed an increased BOLD signal in the cingulate gyrus associated with reward-based decision making and monitoring of decision outcomes. In summary, risky situations increased neural activation in brain areas involved in mental imagery, emotional processing, and decision making. These findings imply that the evaluation of everyday risky situations may be driven by emotional responses that result from mental imagery

Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely highpowered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIP

Can observing a Necker cube (really) make you more insightful? The evidence from objective and subjective indicators of insight

Changing a problem’s representation is a crucial process when solving insight problems. Recently, Laukkonen and Tangen (2017) found that observing ambiguous figures such as a Necker Cube before solving problems can increase insight frequency. In our research, we extended their procedure by including measures of feelings of insight (e.g., confidence and pleasure). This approach allowed us to test the replicability of relationships between perceptual switching and insight frequency in terms of both accuracy of problem solutions and insight phenomenology. The research took the form of two studies using two different samples (NA = 68 and NB = 198) using online platforms. Our results consistently showed no effect of prior Necker cube perception on accuracy. However, we found a significant difference in self-reported insight (1 - non-aha! experience to 5 – a very strong aha! experience) in our Sample B study. The results suggest the possibility that viewing ambiguous figures may not have a triggering effect on insight problem-solving performance but that it may trigger stronger insight experiences when solving insight problems

The efficacy of mindfulness training in reducing the influence of negative affect on performance in the Iowa Gambling Task.

In the current study, we aim to test the hypothesis that a brief mindful meditation practice will mitigate the impact of negative affect on performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. We plan to conduct a 2 (meditation vs active control) x2 (negative affect induction vs control) experiment, where state mindfulness will be induced by a 15-minute mindful meditation exercise (audio recording prepared by a mindfulness instructor) and negative affect will be induced by asking participants to visualize and describe details of a frightening event from the past when they were worried about losing something. In the active control equivalents participants will listen to a 15 min audiobook recording and/or be asked to visualize and describe details of neutral, routine events. After these manipulations participants will perform the Iowa Gambling Task. To elevate the importance of the task for participants, the reward will be dependent on the score and converted to course points

Multiple numeric competencies predict decision outcomes beyond fluid intelligence and cognitive reflection

dataset for the manuscript: Sobkow, A., Olszewska, A., &amp; Traczyk, J. (2020). Multiple numeric competencies predict decision outcomes beyond fluid intelligence and cognitive reflection. Intelligence, 80, 101452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.10145

The Factor Structure of Cognitive Reflection, Numeracy, and Fluid intelligence. The evidence from the Polish adaptation of the Verbal CRT.

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is one of the most popular measures of individual differences in rational thought and decision making. Nevertheless, it overlaps substantially with numeracy and intelligence, which impede the interpretation of results. The present research had two main aims. First, to investigate the generalizability of Verbal CRT—a novel measure of cognitive reflection less confounded with numeracy and math anxiety than numerical CRT—in cultural contexts outside US/UK . Second, to test the factor structure linking traditional—numerical—CRT, Verbal CRT, numeracy and fluid intelligence. In Studies 1a and 1b, we adapted and tested the validity and psychometric properties of Polish versions of tasks and scales. Next, using a large and diverse sample of Polish adults, we tested five models of the factor structure of cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions (Study 2). The most parsimonious and best-fitted model contained three latent variables: Verbal CRT, Numeracy (composed of the items from the Berlin Numeracy Test and traditional—numerical —CRT), and Fluid intelligence. In line with previous research, our results show that Verbal CRT is a valid cognitive reflection measure that provides a clearer interpretation than traditional CRT, even in a different language and cultural context

The Factor Structure of Cognitive Reflection, Numeracy, and Fluid intelligence. The evidence from the Polish adaptation of the Verbal CRT

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is one of the most popular measures of individual differences in rational thought and decision making. Nevertheless, it overlaps substantially with numeracy and intelligence. The present research had two main aims. First, to investigate the generalizability of Verbal CRT—a novel measure of cognitive reflection less related to numeracy and math anxiety than numerical CRT—in cultural contexts outside US/UK. Second, to test the factor structure linking traditional—numerical—CRT, Verbal CRT, numeracy, and fluid intelligence. In Studies 1a and 1b, we adapted and tested the validity and psychometric properties of Polish versions of tasks and scales. Next, using a large and diverse sample of Polish adults, we tested five models of the factor structure of cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions (Study 2). The most parsimonious and best-fitted model contained three latent variables: Verbal CRT, Numeracy (composed of the items from the Berlin Numeracy Test and traditional—numerical —CRT), and Fluid intelligence. In line with previous research, our results show that Verbal CRT is a valid cognitive reflection measure that provides a clearer interpretation than traditional CRT, even in a different language and cultural context

W jaki sposób komunikować ryzyko związane ze smogiem? Wpływ formatu oraz treści komunikatu na percepcję ryzyka oraz działań zapobiegawczych.

Smog jest poważnym i niedocenianym zagrożeniem, a jego skutki są odroczone w czasie. Trudność z wyobrażeniem sobie konsekwencji smogu oraz brak zrozumienia mechanizmu ich powstawania, mogą dodatkowo sprzyjać zaniżonym ocenom tego ryzyka. Badania z obszaru komunikacji ryzyka wskazują na to, że forma przekazywania informacji o ryzyku może mieć znaczenie, a przedstawianie informacji w formie frekwencyjnych pomocy wizualnych, może zwiększać rozumienie prawdopodobieństwa i ryzyka. W celu sprawdzenia, które czynniki mogą wpłynąć na percepcję ryzyka związanego ze smogiem oraz na subiektywną ważność różnych działań rozmywających (zmniejszających) to ryzyko, przeprowadziłyśmy badanie, w którym manipulowałyśmy zarówno formą (tekstowa vs graficzna) prezentacji informacji o smogu jak i treścią (konsekwencje smogu vs. konsekwencje oraz przyczyny smogu). Wyniki pokazały, że format prezentacji informacji nie miał znaczenia ani dla percepcji ryzyka ani ważności zabezpieczeń. Natomiast, zawarcie w komunikacie informacji o przyczynach smogu zwiększyło subiektywną ważność różnych działań, które mogą zarówno zmniejszać smog, jak i jego wpływ na zdrowie