RuCl3 supported on N-doped graphene as reusable catalyst for one-step glucose oxidation to succinic acid

[EN] Impregnation of RuCl3 on N-doped graphenes results in the formation of well-dispersed, small ruthenium oxyhydroxide nanoparticles supported on N-doped graphene that may exhibit high selectivity (87%) for the conversion of glucose into succinic acid under wet oxidation conditions (160 degrees C, 18atm O-2 pressure). Ruthenium loading and N-atom distribution on graphene influence the catalytic activity, the best performing catalyst having 1wt.% Ru loading on a graphene having a large population of graphenic N atoms. The high catalytic selectivity to succinic acid was correlated with the presence of small ruthenium nanoparticles. The present catalyst improves the best one previously reported because it does not require the continuous addition of an excess of amine to reach high succinic acid selectivity and reusability.Financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Severo Ochoa, Grapas and TQ2015-69563-CO2-R1) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2013-014) is gratefully acknowledged. J.A. also thanks the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for a postdoctoral scholarship. Prof. Simona M. Coman kindly acknowledges UEFISCDI for financial support (project PN-II-PT-PCCA-2013-4-1090, Nr. 44/2014).Rizescu, C.; Podolean, I.; Cojocaru, B.; Parvulescu, VI.; Coman, SM.; Albero-Sancho, J.; García Gómez, H. (2017). RuCl3 supported on N-doped graphene as reusable catalyst for one-step glucose oxidation to succinic acid. ChemCatChem. 9(17):3314-3321. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700383S3314332191

An international review of the business-to-business marketing curriculum

This paper looks at the current structure of the business-to-business curriculum, as found in 15 textbooks (in English, French, German, English and Swedish) and 18 course designs (from five countries). Two basic approaches to curriculum design emerge. In one the emphasis is laid on the management of the marketing mix variables, and in the other the emphasis is on the management of inter-organizational relationships. There is little evidence that course designers or textbook authors strive to integrate these two approaches, or treat the approaches as alternatives that are suitable under different market conditions (a contingency approach)

An International Review of the Business-to-Business Marketing Curriculum

This paper looks at the current structure of the business-to-business curriculum, as found in 15 textbooks (in English, French, German, English and Swedish) and 18 course designs (from five countries). Two basic approaches to curriculum design emerge. In one the emphasis is laid on the management of the marketing mix variables, and in the other the emphasis is on the management of inter-organizational relationships. There is little evidence that course designers or textbook authors strive to integrate these two approaches, or treat the approaches as alternatives that are suitable under different market conditions (a contingency approachPeer reviewe

Reactivities of copper-germanium alloys in the direct synthesis of dimethyldichlorogermane

The activities of the single phase alloys a (Ge in Cu), ζ (Cu5Ge), and ε{lunate} (Cu3Ge) in the reaction with methyl chloride to form methylchlorogermanes were measured at 426.7 °C. The alloys displayed essentially the same reactivity when compared on the basis of the same number of germanium atoms exposed to methyl chloride. Selectivity for (CH3)2GeCl2 approached 100% at 0% conversion of germanium, thus supporting the ionic mechanism of Voorhoeve. The extent of cracking of methyl chloride could be correlated with the fraction of the surface estimated to consist of copper atoms not involved in the synthesis of methylchlorogermanes. Removal of copper from thin surface layers, probably as CuCl, was confirmed by X-ray analysis in the case of the α phase. Mechanical mixtures of alloys and free germanium showed greatly enhanced reactivities which could be explained only by the creation of additional reaction sites on the surfaces of the free germanium particles. © 1973