8 research outputs found
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0â5 and 5â15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (â0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-kmÂČ resolution for 0â5 and 5â15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-kmÂČ pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the worldâs major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature.
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Chapitre 6. Migrations récentes en Italie et distribution géographique des patronymes
La grande dispersion des populations humaines dans lâespace et leur grande diversitĂ© biologique, culturelle ou linguistique sâexpliquent, dans une large mesure, par la migration. VoilĂ pourquoi toutes les informations qui permettent de mieux cerner les phĂ©nomĂšnes migratoires sont Ă prendre en considĂ©ration pour parvenir Ă une bonne comprĂ©hension de lâĂ©volution des populations de gĂ©nĂ©ration en gĂ©nĂ©ration et Ă diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles gĂ©ographiques. LâĂ©tude de la distribution des patronymes rĂ©pond ..
Le patronyme
Les Ă©tudes actuelles sur les « noms de famille », loin de se borner au seul terrain de la gĂ©nĂ©alogie, font dĂ©sormais pleinement partie du domaine de la recherche. Elles permettent de ce fait un dĂ©cryptage original des conditions tant historiques quâanthropologiques qui ont dĂ©clenchĂ©, en divers points de lâEurope, Ă diffĂ©rents moments, le processus dâidentification des personnes : mouvement progressif dans lâEurope au Moyen Ăge ; processus qui peut ĂȘtre coercitif, comme lors de lâattribution de patronymes aux esclaves affranchis, et devenu largement rĂ©glementaire aprĂšs la promulgation de lois sur la transmission des noms. Ătudiant tour Ă tour les origines et lâhistoire des patronymes, leur distribution gĂ©ographique et les liens entre marqueurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques et patronymiques, les auteurs rĂ©unis dans cet ouvrage â anthropologues, historiens de la famille, dĂ©mographes, spĂ©cialistes de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations, sociologues â montrent combien une approche pluridisciplinaire est nĂ©cessaire Ă lâexplication du phĂ©nomĂšne du patronyme. En effet, lâinformatisation rĂ©cente de divers registres de noms de famille a permis le dĂ©veloppement de nouvelles mĂ©thodes dâanalyse, dĂ©rivĂ©es de la dĂ©mographie historique et de la gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations. Elles permettent non seulement de dĂ©crire lâĂ©volution, au fil des gĂ©nĂ©rations, des cercles de mariage, des rĂšgles dâalliance et de la consanguinitĂ©, mais aussi de quantifier la direction et lâampleur des migrations entre populations. FondĂ© sur des exemples concrets, des provinces baltes Ă la Sardaigne ou lâAtlas marocain, des Flamands de France aux Français du QuĂ©bec, cet ouvrage offre un Ă©tat sans Ă©quivalent de la question des origines et de lâĂ©volution du patronyme
Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000â14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries
Background:
Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0â14 years) and adults (aged 15â99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000â14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0â24 years).
Methods:
We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0â14 years), adolescents (15â19 years), and young adults (20â24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis.
Findings:
164â563 young people were included in this analysis: 121â328 (73·7%) children, 22â963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20â272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010â14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28â205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010â14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to â„80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to â„70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000â14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries.
Interpretation:
This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group
Global maps of soil temperature
Abstract
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-kmÂČ resolution for 0â5 and 5â15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1âkmÂČ pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/â 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/â2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (â0.7 +/â 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications