Multi-year interlaboratory exercises for the analysis of illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater:development of a quality control system

Thirty-seven laboratories from 25 countries present the development of an inter-laboratory testing scheme for the analysis of seven illicit drug residues in standard solutions, tap- and wastewater. Almost 10 000 concentration values were evaluated: triplicates of up to five samples and 26 laboratories per year. The setup was substantially improved with experiences gained across the six repetitions (e.g. matrix type, sample conditions, spiking levels). From this, (pre-)analytical issues (e.g. pH adjustment, filtration) were revealed for specific analytes which resulted in formulation of best-practice protocols for inter-laboratory setup and analytical procedures. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the inter-laboratory setup to assess laboratory performance in the framework of wastewater-based epidemiology. The exercise proved that measurements of laboratories were of high quality (>80% satisfactory results for six out of seven analytes) and that analytical follow-up is important to assist laboratories in improving robustness of wastewater-based epidemiology results

Team dynamics in emergency surgery teams: results from a first international survey

Background: Emergency surgery represents a unique context. Trauma teams are often multidisciplinary and need to operate under extreme stress and time constraints, sometimes with no awareness of the trauma\u2019s causes or the patient\u2019s personal and clinical information. In this perspective, the dynamics of how trauma teams function is fundamental to ensuring the best performance and outcomes. Methods: An online survey was conducted among the World Society of Emergency Surgery members in early 2021. 402 fully filled questionnaires on the topics of knowledge translation dynamics and tools, non-technical skills, and difficulties in teamwork were collected. Data were analyzed using the software R, and reported following the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). Results: Findings highlight how several surgeons are still unsure about the meaning and potential of knowledge translation and its mechanisms. Tools like training, clinical guidelines, and non-technical skills are recognized and used in clinical practice. Others, like patients\u2019 and stakeholders\u2019 engagement, are hardly implemented, despite their increasing importance in the modern healthcare scenario. Several difficulties in working as a team are described, including the lack of time, communication, training, trust, and ego. Discussion: Scientific societies should take the lead in offering training and support about the abovementioned topics. Dedicated educational initiatives, practical cases and experiences, workshops and symposia may allow mitigating the difficulties highlighted by the survey\u2019s participants, boosting the performance of emergency teams. Additional investigation of the survey results and its characteristics may lead to more further specific suggestions and potential solutions

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Physicochemical And Microbiological Composition And Yield Of Thai-style Tilapia Fillets (oreochromis Niloticus) [composição Físico-química, Microbiológica E Rendimento Do Filé De Tilápia Tailandesa (oreochromis Niloticus)]

The fillet yield of Thai-style tilapia and its physicochemical composition, including moisture content, protein, ash lipids and water activity, were determined. The analysis involved 19 specimens of tilapia with average weight and length of 989.6 g and 38.9 cm, respectively. The fish were weighed, measured (length, width and thickness), filleted, and the yield was calculated. The chemical composition presented the following contents: 77.13% moisture, 2.60% lipids, 19.30% protein, 1.09% ash, and 0.983 water activity. The fillet/fish to fish/residue weight ratios presented good linear correlations. The raw fish was also subjected to a microbiological analysis, which indicated that it met the safety limits established by Brazilian legislation and was therefore safe for processing and consumption.273608613ANVISA (Agência de Vigilância Sanitária). Regulamento Técnico Sobre Padrões de Qualidade para Alimentos. Resolução-RDC. n. 12, de 02 de janeiro de 2001AOAC. (Association Official Analytical Chemists). Official Methods of Analysis. 16a ed., Arlington, 1997BRUSHI, F.L.F., (2001) Rendimento, composição química e perfil de ácidos graxos de pescados e seus resíduos: Uma comparação, , Itajaí: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, monografia, 65 pCASTAGNOLLI, N., (1992) Piscicultura de água doce, , Jaboticabal: FunepCLEMENT, S., LOVELL, R.T., Comparison of culture Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (1994) Aquaculture, 119 (2-3), pp. 299-310. , Amsterdam, vCONTRERAS-GUZMÁN, E.S., (1994) Bioquímica de pescados e derivados, , Jaboticabal: FUNEPCUNHA NETO, A., SILVA, C.G.M., STAMFORD, T.L.M., Staphylococcus Enterotoxigênicos em Alimentos in natura e processados no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil (2002) Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 22 (3), pp. 263-271DAMS, R.I., BEIRÃO, L.H., TEIXEIRA, E., Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da pescadinha (Cynoscion striatus) inteira e em filés nos principais pontos críticos de controle de uma indústria de pescado congelado (1996) Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa e Processamento de Alimentos, 14 (2), pp. 151-162EYO, A. A. Carcass composition and filleting yield of ten fish species from Kainji Lake: proceedings of the FAO expert consultation on fish technology in Africa. FAO fishers Report, Rome, n. 467, p. 173-175, 1993. SupplementFERNANDEZ-SALGUERO, F., GÓMEZ, R., CARMONA, M.A., Water activity in selected high -moisture foods (1993) J. Food. Comp. Anal, 6 (4), pp. 364-369HYLUY, D.J., Avaliação da qualidade dos produtos pesqueiros no Estado do Ceará (1996) Higiene Alimentar, 10 (45), p. 37LEITÃO, M.F., de, F., Microbiologia do pescado e controle sanitário no processamento (1977) Boletim do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, 14 (50), pp. 1-35MACEDO-VIEGAS, E.M., SOUZA, M.L.R., KRONKA, S.N., Estudo da carcaça de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), em quatro categorias de peso (1997) Revista Unimar, 19 (3), pp. 863-870. , Maringá, vMOREIRA, H.L.M., (1999) Análise da estrutura de populaçõ es e diversidade genética de estoques de reprodutores de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) estimadas por microsatélite, , Tese Doutorado em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do rio Grande do Sul, Porto AlegreNUGENT, C. Session II, The status of wild and cultured tilapia genetic resources in various contries. In: PULLIN, R. S. V. et al. (Ed.) The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Manilla, Philippines. Proccedings... Manilla, Philippines: ICLARM, 1988. p. 20-21. (ICLARM Conference Proccedings, no 15)OGAWA, M., MAIA, E.L., Manual de Pesca (1999) Ciência e Tecnologia do Pescado, 1. , São Paulo, Varela, 453 pPIGOT, G., TUCKER, B., (1990) Sea food effects of technology on nutrition, , 1st edit, Edit Marcel Dekker, INC, New York, USAPINHEIRO, L.M.S., Rendimento industrial de filetagem da tilápia tailandesa (Oreochromis spp.) (2006) Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec, 58 (2), pp. 257-262RIBEIRO, L. P. et al. Efeito do peso e do operador sobre o rendimento de filé em tilápia vermelha spp. In: AQÜICULTURA BRASIL 98, 1998, Recife. Anais... Recife: ABRAq, 1998. v. 2, p. 773-778SALES, R.D.O., SALES, A.M., Estudo da composição química e rendimento de dez espécies de água doce de interesse comercial nos açudes do nordeste brasileiro (1990) Ciências Agronômicas, 1-2 (21), pp. 27-30SANTOS, V.B., (2004) Crescimento morfométrico e alométrico de linhagens de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), , Dissertação de mestrado, 86 p. UFLA, LavrasSOUZA, M. L. R. Comparação de Seis Métodos de Filetagem, em Relação ao Rendimento de Filé e de Subprodutos do Processamento da Tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia., v. 31, n. 3, p. 1076-1084, 2002SANTOS, V.B., (2003) Processamento do filé e da pele da Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus): Aspectos tecnológicos, composição centesimal, rendimento, vida útil do filé defumado e testes de resistência da pele curtida, , 166 p. Tese Doutorado, Centro de Aqüicultura, UNESP, JaboticabalSOUZA, M.L.R., Rendimento do processamento da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus): Tipos de cortes de cabeça em duas categorias de peso (2000) Acta Scientiarum, 22 (3), pp. 701-706. , Maringá, vSOUZA, M. L. R., MACEDO-VIEGAS, E. M.KRONKA, S. N. Efeito do método de filetagem e categorias de peso sobre o rendimento de carcaça, filé e pele da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). In: Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 34., 1997, Juiz de Fora. Anais... Juiz de Fora: SBZ, 1997a_. Estudo da carcaça da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em diferentes categorias de peso. In: Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 34., 1997, Juiz de Fora. Anais... Juiz de Fora: SBZ, 1997bSOUZA, M.L.R., MARANHÃO, T.C.F., Rendimento de carcaça, filé e subprodutos da filetagem da tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (L), em função do peso corporal (2001) Acta Scientiarum, 23 (4), pp. 897-901. , Maringá, vSOUZA, M.L.R., Efeito do peso de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis Niloticus) sobre o rendimento e a qualidade de seus filés defumados com e sem pele (2005) Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 25 (1), pp. 51-59. , Jan./Mar, vVIEIRA, K.V.M., Influência das condições higiênico-sanitárias no processo de beneficiamento de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) em filés congelados (2000) Higiene Alimentar, 14 (74), pp. 37-40YANAR, Y., CELIK, M., AKAMCA, E., Efects of brine concentration on shelf-life of hot-smoked tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stored at 4 °C (2006) Food Chemistry, 97 (2), pp. 244-247ZIMMERMANN, S., Incubação artificial: Técnica permite a produção de tilapia-nilo geneticamente superiores (1999) Panorama da Aqüicultura, 9 (54), pp. 15-21. , Rio de Janeiro,

Effect Of Mucosal Fluid From Women With Bacterial Vaginosis On Hiv Trans-infection Mediated By Dendritic Cells

Women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) have a higher risk of HIV transmission but the cause of risk is unknown. Dendritic cells (DC) are implicated in transmission of HIV and we previously observed that DC mature when exposed to mucosal fluid from women with BV. We hypothesized that maturation of DC by BV mucosal fluid would enhance DC-mediated trans-infection of HIV. Monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) were treated with mucosal fluid, incubated with HIVBal, and HIV trans-infection was evaluated. While LPS-treated MDDC increased HIVBal trans-infection, BV fluid reduced trans-infection. HIVBal DNA levels in MDDC were not affected by BV fluid or LPS but productive infection of MDDC was decreased by LPS and BV fluid. Mucosal fluid from women with BV does not increase MDDC-mediated trans-infection suggesting that BV does not increase HIV susceptibility by increasing DC-mediated trans-infection. However, indirect effects of DC maturation on HIV transmission cannot be ruled out. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.38512227(2004) AIDS Clinical Trials Group Laboratory Manual, , ACTGCavrois, M., Neidleman, J., Kreisberg, J.F., Fenard, D., Callebaut, C., Greene, W.C., Human immunodeficiency virus fusion to dendritic cells declines as cells mature (2006) J. Virol., 80 (4), pp. 1992-1999Chun, T.W., Justement, J.S., Lempicki, R.A., Yang, J., Dennis Jr., G., Hallahan, C.W., Sanford, C., Fauci, A.S., Gene expression and viral production in latently infected, resting CD4+T cells in viremic versus aviremic HIV-infected individuals (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100 (4), pp. 1908-1913Cohen, C.R., Duerr, A., Pruithithada, N., Rugpao, S., Hillier, S., Garcia, P., Nelson, K., Bacterial vaginosis and HIV seroprevalence among female commercial sex workers in Chiang Mai, Thailand (1995) Aids, 9 (9), pp. 1093-1097de Saint-Vis, B., Fugier-Vivier, I., Massacrier, C., Gaillard, C., Vanbervliet, B., Ait-Yahia, S., Banchereau, J., Caux, C., The cytokine profile expressed by human dendritic cells is dependent on cell subtype and mode of activation (1998) J. Immunol., 160 (4), pp. 1666-1676Edwards, J.N., Morris, H.B., Langerhans' cells and lymphocyte subsets in the female genital tract (1985) Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 92 (9), pp. 974-982Eschenbach, D.A., Davick, P.R., Williams, B.L., Klebanoff, S.J., Young-Smith, K., Critchlow, C.M., Holmes, K.K., Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis (1989) J. Clin. Microbiol., 27 (2), pp. 251-256Fortin, J.F., Cantin, R., Lamontagne, G., Tremblay, M., Host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins incorporated on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are biologically active and enhance viral infectivity (1997) J. Virol., 71 (5), pp. 3588-3596Foti, M., Granucci, F., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P., A central role for tissue-resident dendritic cells in innate responses (2004) Trends Immunol., 25 (12), pp. 650-654Fredricks, D.N., Fiedler, T.L., Marrazzo, J.M., Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (2005) N. Engl. J. Med., 353 (18), pp. 1899-1911Geijtenbeek, T.B., Kwon, D.S., Torensma, R., van Vliet, S.J., van Duijnhoven, G.C., Middel, J., Cornelissen, I.L., van Kooyk, Y., DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells (2000) Cell, 100 (5), pp. 587-597Granelli-Piperno, A., Delgado, E., Finkel, V., Paxton, W., Steinman, R.M., Immature dendritic cells selectively replicate macrophagetropic (M-tropic) human immunodeficiency virus type 1, while mature cells efficiently transmit both M- and T-tropic virus to T cells (1998) J. Virol., 72 (4), pp. 2733-2737Greenblatt, R.M., Bacchetti, P., Barkan, S., Augenbraun, M., Silver, S., Delapenha, R., Garcia, P., Burns, D., Lower genital tract infections among HIV-infected and high-risk uninfected women: findings of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) (1999) Sex Transm. Dis., 26 (3), pp. 143-151Hladik, F., Sakchalathorn, P., Ballweber, L., Lentz, G., Fialkow, M., Eschenbach, D., McElrath, M.J., Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (2007) Immunity, 26 (2), pp. 257-270Hu, J., Gardner, M.B., Miller, C.J., Simian immunodeficiency virus rapidly penetrates the cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal inoculation and infects intraepithelial dendritic cells (2000) J. Virol., 74 (13), pp. 6087-6095Hu, Q., Frank, I., Williams, V., Santos, J.J., Watts, P., Griffin, G.E., Moore, J.P., Shattock, R.J., Blockade of attachment and fusion receptors inhibits HIV-1 infection of human cervical tissue (2004) J. Exp. Med., 199 (8), pp. 1065-1075Izquierdo-Useros, N., Blanco, J., Erkizia, I., Fernandez-Figueras, M.T., Borras, F.E., Naranjo-Gomez, M., Bofill, M., Martinez-Picado, J., Maturation of blood-derived dendritic cells enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capture and transmission (2007) J. Virol., 81 (14), pp. 7559-7570Kawamura, T., Cohen, S.S., Borris, D.L., Aquilino, E.A., Glushakova, S., Margolis, L.B., Orenstein, J.M., Blauvelt, A., Candidate microbicides block HIV-1 infection of human immature Langerhans cells within epithelial tissue explants (2000) J. Exp. Med., 192 (10), pp. 1491-1500Kawamura, T., Gulden, F.O., Sugaya, M., McNamara, D.T., Borris, D.L., Lederman, M.M., Orenstein, J.M., Blauvelt, A., R5 HIV productively infects Langerhans cells, and infection levels are regulated by compound CCR5 polymorphisms (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100 (14), pp. 8401-8406Kawamura, T., Koyanagi, Y., Nakamura, Y., Ogawa, Y., Yamashita, A., Iwamoto, T., Ito, M., Shimada, S., Significant virus replication in Langerhans cells following application of HIV to abraded skin: relevance to occupational transmission of HIV (2008) J. Immunol., 180 (5), pp. 3297-3304Keir, M.E., Francisco, L.M., Sharpe, A.H., PD-1 and its ligands in T-cell immunity (2007) Curr. Opin. Immunol., 19 (3), pp. 309-314Managlia, E.Z., Landay, A., Al-Harthi, L., Interleukin-7 signalling is sufficient to phenotypically and functionally prime human CD4 naive T cells (2005) Immunology, 114 (3), pp. 322-335Managlia, E.Z., Landay, A., Al-Harthi, L., Interleukin-7 induces HIV replication in primary naive T cells through a nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT)-dependent pathway (2006) Virology, 350 (2), pp. 443-452Mares, D., Simoes, J.A., Novak, R.M., Spear, G.T., TLR2-mediated cell stimulation in bacterial vaginosis (2007) J. Reprod. Immunol., 77 (1), pp. 91-99Martin, H.L., Richardson, B.A., Nyange, P.M., Lavreys, L., Hillier, S.L., Chohan, B., Mandaliya, K., Kreiss, J., Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition (1999) J. Infect. Dis., 180 (6), pp. 1863-1868McDonald, D., Wu, L., Bohks, S.M., KewalRamani, V.N., Unutmaz, D., Hope, T.J., Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions (2003) Science, 300 (5623), pp. 1295-1297McDyer, J.F., Dybul, M., Goletz, T.J., Kinter, A.L., Thomas, E.K., Berzofsky, J.A., Fauci, A.S., Seder, R.A., Differential effects of CD40 ligand/trimer stimulation on the ability of dendritic cells to replicate and transmit HIV infection: evidence for CC-chemokine-dependent and -independent mechanisms (1999) J. Immunol., 162 (6), pp. 3711-3717Myer, L., Denny, L., Telerant, R., Souza, M., Wright Jr., T.C., Kuhn, L., Bacterial vaginosis and susceptibility to HIV infection in South African women: a nested case-control study (2005) J. Infect. Dis., 192 (8), pp. 1372-1380Nugent, R.P., Krohn, M.A., Hillier, S.L., Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation (1991) J. Clin. Microbiol., 29 (2), pp. 297-301Piguet, V., Steinman, R.M., The interaction of HIV with dendritic cells: outcomes and pathways (2007) Trends Immunol., 28 (11), pp. 503-510Pope, M., Betjes, M.G., Romani, N., Hirmand, H., Cameron, P.U., Hoffman, L., Gezelter, S., Steinman, R.M., Conjugates of dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes from skin facilitate productive infection with HIV-1 (1994) Cell, 78 (3), pp. 389-398Pope, M., Betjes, M.G., Romani, N., Hirmand, H., Hoffman, L., Gezelter, S., Schuler, G., Steinman, R.M., Dendritic cell-T cell conjugates that migrate from normal human skin are an explosive site of infection for HIV-1 (1995) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 378, pp. 457-460Reece, J.C., Handley, A.J., Anstee, E.J., Morrison, W.A., Crowe, S.M., Cameron, P.U., HIV-1 selection by epidermal dendritic cells during transmission across human skin (1998) J. Exp. Med., 187 (10), pp. 1623-1631Relloso, M., Puig-Kroger, A., Pello, O.M., Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.L., de la Rosa, G., Longo, N., Navarro, J., Corbi, A.L., DC-SIGN (CD209) expression is IL-4 dependent and is negatively regulated by IFN, TGF-beta, and anti-inflammatory agents (2002) J. Immunol., 168 (6), pp. 2634-2643Romani, N., Reider, D., Heuer, M., Ebner, S., Kampgen, E., Eibl, B., Niederwieser, D., Schuler, G., Generation of mature dendritic cells from human blood. An improved method with special regard to clinical applicability (1996) J. Immunol. Methods, 196 (2), pp. 137-151Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A., Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (1994) J. Exp. Med., 179 (4), pp. 1109-1118Sallusto, F., Cella, M., Danieli, C., Lanzavecchia, A., Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products (1995) J. Exp. Med., 182 (2), pp. 389-400Sanders, R.W., de Jong, E.C., Baldwin, C.E., Schuitemaker, J.H., Kapsenberg, M.L., Berkhout, B., Differential transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by distinct subsets of effector dendritic cells (2002) J. Virol., 76 (15), pp. 7812-7821Schwebke, J.R., Gynecologic consequences of bacterial vaginosis (2003) Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am., 30 (4), pp. 685-694Sewankambo, N., Gray, R.H., Wawer, M.J., Paxton, L., McNaim, D., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Serwadda, D., Konde-Lule, J., HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis (1997) Lancet, 350 (9077), pp. 546-550St John, E.P., Martinson, J., Simoes, J.A., Landay, A.L., Spear, G.T., Dendritic cell activation and maturation induced by mucosal fluid from women with bacterial vaginosis (2007) Clin. Immunol., 125 (1), pp. 95-102Taha, T.E., Hoover, D.R., Dallabetta, G.A., Kumwenda, N.I., Mtimavalye, L.A., Yang, L.P., Liomba, G.N., Miotti, P.G., Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV (1998) Aids, 12 (13), pp. 1699-1706Taha, T.E., Gray, R.H., Kumwenda, N.I., Hoover, D.R., Mtimavalye, L.A., Liomba, G.N., Chiphangwi, J.D., Miotti, P.G., HIV infection and disturbances of vaginal flora during pregnancy (1999) J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Human Retrovirol., 20 (1), pp. 52-59Tardif, M.R., Tremblay, M.J., Presence of host ICAM-1 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions increases productive infection of CD4+T lymphocytes by favoring cytosolic delivery of viral material (2003) J. Virol., 77 (22), pp. 12299-12309Thoma-Uszynski, S., Kiertscher, S.M., Ochoa, M.T., Bouis, D.A., Norgard, M.V., Miyake, K., Godowski, P.J., Modlin, R.L., Activation of toll-like receptor 2 on human dendritic cells triggers induction of IL-12, but not IL-10 (2000) J. Immunol., 165 (7), pp. 3804-3810Thurner, B., Roder, C., Dieckmann, D., Heuer, M., Kruse, M., Glaser, A., Keikavoussi, P., Schuler, G., Generation of large numbers of fully mature and stable dendritic cells from leukapheresis products for clinical application (1999) J. Immunol. Methods, 223 (1), pp. 1-15Turville, S.G., Santos, J.J., Frank, I., Cameron, P.U., Wilkinson, J., Miranda-Saksena, M., Dable, J., Cunningham, A.L., Immunodeficiency virus uptake, turnover, and 2-phase transfer in human dendritic cells (2004) Blood, 103 (6), pp. 2170-2179(2006) Report on Global AIDS Epidemic 2006, , UNAIDS , UNAIDS. MayVasir, B., Avigan, D., Wu, Z., Crawford, K., Turnquist, S., Ren, J., Kufe, D., Dendritic cells induce MUC1 expression and polarization on human T cells by an IL-7-dependent mechanism (2005) J. Immunol., 174 (4), pp. 2376-238