PEMAHAMAN DAN PENALARAN SISWA SMA DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MENGENAI PENGGUNAAN VAKSIN PADA TUBUH MANUSIA

Siswa yang terlibat dalam pembelajaran sains tidak hanya dituntut untuk memahami sebuah konsep namun dituntut untuk bernalar agar keterampilan berpikirnya jauh lebih baik. Kebiasaan bernalar penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari karena penalaran berperan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Penalaran dalam pengambilan keputusan dibutuhkan agar dapat membuat keputusan yang logis mengenai penggunaan vaksin. Vaksin merupakan hal penting yang berperan dalam pencegahan penyakit namun terkadang masyarakat memiliki pemahaman yang keliru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pemahaman dan penalaran dalam pengambilan keputusan siswa SMA mengenai penggunaan vaksin pada tubuh manusia. Penelitian deskriptif ini dilakukan di salah satu sekolah di Sumedang yang melibatkan 25 siswa kelas 11 SMA. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui tes tulis uraian dan wawancara.Wawancara dilakukan untuk siswa yang perlu ditelusuri jawabannya karena sulit untuk dikategorikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum pemahaman siswa tentang vaksin merupakan pemahaman yang benar walaupun masih terdapat pemahaman yang miskonsepsi dan tidak lengkap. Kemudian argumen dalam penalaran siswa sebagian besar berada pada level 2 yaitu mengandung claim dan data dan atau warrant dan argumen tersebut menunjukkan penalaran yang tidak koheren yaitu claim logis, tapi tidak didukung oleh ground atau ground yang ada tidak benar dan tidak relevan. Selain itu, dasar pengambilan keputusan mengenai penggunaan vaksin yang digunakan oleh siswa adalah rasionalistik yaitu didasarkan pertimbangan yang logis. Kesimpulan nya adalah pengambilan keputusan tidak konsisten didasarkan pada pemahaman dan penalaran.;---Students who engage in science learning is not only required to understand a concept, but are required to reason that increase thinking skills. The habit of reasoning is important in daily life because reasoning in decision making. Reasoning in decision-making needed to be able to make logical decisions regarding the use of vaccines. Vaccines are important things that play a role in disease prevention, but sometimes people have a false understanding. This study aims to identify the understanding and reasoning in decision-making of high school students on the use of vaccines on the human body. This descriptive study conducted at one of the high schools in Sumedang involving 25 high school students in grade 11. The research data were administered through written test and semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted for students who need to be further explore for the answer because it is difficult to categorize. The results of the data analysis shows that students' understanding of the vaccine is a correct understanding even though there are still misconceptions and incomplete understanding. Students’ reasoning mostly at level 2 which contain the claim and the data and or warrants. Students’ reasoning classified as a limited coherency reasoning which is claim is logic, but it is not supported by the ground or ground that is not correct and irrelevant. In addition, the basis for a decision making regarding the use of vaccines used by students is rationalistic that based on logical consideration. Conclusion is decision making is inconsistent based on understanding and reasoning

DISEMINASI INVESTASI PASAR MODAL PADA MUDA MUDI DESA BAKALAN KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO

ABSTRAKInvestasi saham adalah kegiatan penanaman modal berupa pembelian saham (surat berharga) perusahan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan dan memberikan edukasi   remaja karang taruna di desa Bakalan Polokarto Sukoharjo cara berinvestasi pasar modal melalui aplikasi Phitancro sekuritas. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya pengetahuan dan pemahaman karang taruna di desa tersebut. Pengabdian ini juga memberikan deskripsi yang jelas bahwa edukasi dan pentingnya pelatihan investasi di pasar modal Indonesia di desa Bakalan Polokarto Sukoharjo. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode tutorial, metode tanya jawab, metode pendampingan, metode simulasi dan metode pendampingan. Hasil dari diseminasi ini adalah mengetahui dan memahami tentang investasi pasar modal, mendukun program BEI yaitu memperkenalkan investasi dan pasar modal agar dapat berinfestasi sejak dini dan menjadikan pengetahuan lebih bagi masyarakat khususnya pemuda pemudi desa bakalan untuk mengenal lebih jauh tentang investasi dan pasar modal. Kata kunci : investasi saham; pasar modal; pelatihan ABSTRACTStock investment is an investment activity in the form of buying shares (securities) of a company. This service activity aims to add insight and provide education for youth youth in the village of Bakalan Polokarto Sukoharjo how to invest in the capital market through the Phitancro securities application. This is due to the lack of knowledge and understanding of youth organizations in the village. This service also provides a clear description of the importance of education and training on investment in the Indonesian capital market in Bakalan Polokarto village, Sukoharjo. The method used is the tutorial method, the question and answer method, the mentoring method, the simulation method and the mentoring method. The results of this dissemination are knowing and understanding about capital market investment, supporting the IDX program, namely introducing investment and the capital market so that they can invest early and make more knowledge for the community, especially village youth, to get to know more about investment and the capital market. Keywords: capital market; stock investment; trainin

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19.

Host-mediated lung inflammation is present1, and drives mortality2, in the critical illness caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Host genetic variants associated with critical illness may identify mechanistic targets for therapeutic development3. Here we report the results of the GenOMICC (Genetics Of Mortality In Critical Care) genome-wide association study in 2,244 critically ill patients with COVID-19 from 208 UK intensive care units. We have identified and replicated the following new genome-wide significant associations: on chromosome 12q24.13 (rs10735079, P = 1.65 × 10-8) in a gene cluster that encodes antiviral restriction enzyme activators (OAS1, OAS2 and OAS3); on chromosome 19p13.2 (rs74956615, P = 2.3 × 10-8) near the gene that encodes tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2); on chromosome 19p13.3 (rs2109069, P = 3.98 ×  10-12) within the gene that encodes dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9); and on chromosome 21q22.1 (rs2236757, P = 4.99 × 10-8) in the interferon receptor gene IFNAR2. We identified potential targets for repurposing of licensed medications: using Mendelian randomization, we found evidence that low expression of IFNAR2, or high expression of TYK2, are associated with life-threatening disease; and transcriptome-wide association in lung tissue revealed that high expression of the monocyte-macrophage chemotactic receptor CCR2 is associated with severe COVID-19. Our results identify robust genetic signals relating to key host antiviral defence mechanisms and mediators of inflammatory organ damage in COVID-19. Both mechanisms may be amenable to targeted treatment with existing drugs. However, large-scale randomized clinical trials will be essential before any change to clinical practice

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

Pengaruh Kepemilikan Mangerial , Debt To Equity Ratio,Kepemilikan Institusioanal Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan

The purpose of this study was to analyze KM, DER, KI, firm size and the effect of firm or organizational size on industrial business performance.&nbsp; The sample for this survey includes 26 businesses with a business population of 14 companies.&nbsp; Sampling by purposive sampling.&nbsp; The conclusion of the survey shows that management ratios and firm size have an influence on organizational performance.&nbsp; On the other hand, the amount of the company's debt has no effect on the company's performance.&nbsp; The results of the study indicate that manager ownership has a positive effect on company performance.&nbsp; This means that companies in the manufacturing sector increase manager ownership to improve business performance.&nbsp; DER has a negative and significant effect on company performance.&nbsp; Indeed, this company does not rely on loan funds or loan funds to fulfill its financial integrity because the company often uses internal capital rather than external capital, thus the size of the company's obligations does not affect the size of the business achieved by the company.&nbsp; KI has a negative and significant effect on company performance.&nbsp; Indeed, the size of the shares owned by an organization does not necessarily affect the high and low performance of a company.&nbsp; While the size of the company has an effect on company performance, meaning that the higher the total assets, the lower the financial performance

The effect of sets and repetitions of the spirometer by flow in cardiorespiratory parameters

IntroductionThe incentive spirometer helps pulmonary ventilation and the cardiorespiratory changes of its use are controversial. ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of sets and repetitions on cardiorespiratory parameters using a spirometer alinear flow (SAF). The sample group consisted of 50 young people, healthy and sedentary. The evaluated parameters were: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic (DBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SaO2), minute volume (VE), tidal volume (VT), vital capacity (VC), maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax), maximal expiratory pressure (Pemax), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). The moments of study were: initial evaluations (M1); 3 sets of 10 repetitions using SAF (M2); 3 sets of 15 repetitions using SAF (M3); and final evaluation (M4). Statistical analysis was made by t test, ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). ResultSBP and HR decreased in M2 after the 2nd set. In the 3rd set, SBP and RR decreased. Comparing the initial and final variables in M2, SBP and RR decreased, and Pemax increased. After 1st set in M3, SBP and SaO2 decreased. The 2nd set: SBP, HR, RR, and SaO2 decreased. After the 3rd set: SBP, HR, SaO2, and RR decreased. Comparing the initial and final variables in M3, SBP, HR, RR decreased, and Pimax and Pemax increased. Comparing M4 to M1, Pimax, Pemax, and VC increased, and RR decreased. ConclusionThere are changes in cardiorespiratory parameters after the use of a spirometer alinear flow, especially in the sets with more repetitions.Introdução Os incentivadores respiratórios auxiliam na ventilação pulmonar e as modificações cardiorrespiratórias mediante seu uso ainda são discutidas. Objetivo Avaliar efeito das séries e repetições com uso do inspirômetro alinear a fluxo (IAF) nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios. Materiais e métodos A amostra foi composta de 50 jovens, saudáveis e sedentários. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pressão arterial (PA), frequência de pulso (FP), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação (SatO2), volume minuto (VM), volume corrente (VC), capacidade vital (CV), pressão inspiratória (Pimáx), pressão expiratória (Pemáx) e fluxometria. Os momentos foram: avaliações inicial (M1); uso do IAF em 3 séries de 10 repetições (M2); 3 séries de 15 repetições (M3); avaliação final (M4). A análise estatística se deu pelo teste “t” de Student, ANOVA e Teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados No M2, após a 2ª série houve diminuição da PAS e FP; na 3ª série: diminuição da PAS e FR. Comparando as variáveis iniciais e finais do M2, houve diminuição da PAS e FR, e aumento da Pemáx. No M3, 1ª série, houve diminuição da PAS e SatO2. Na 2ª série: diminuição da PAS, FP, FR e SatO2. Após a 3ª série: diminuição da PAS, FP, SatO2 e FR. Comparando as variáveis iniciais e finais do M3, houve diminuição da PAS, FP, FR; aumento da Pimáx e Pemáx. Comparando M4 com M1, houve aumento da Pimáx e Pemáx, diminuição da FR e aumento da CV. Conclusão Há alterações nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios após utilização do IAF, principalmente nas séries com maiores repetições.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES