A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Iron oxides, organic matter and phosphate adsorption in two oxisols under diferent management systems

Dois latossolos formados em ambientes distintos (Latossolo do Ambiente Dourados, MS = LAD); Latossolo do Ambiente Santo Ângelo, RS = LAS), foram avaliados quanto à alteração na dinâmica dos óxidos de ferro pedogênicos e da matéria orgânica em experimentos de longa duração sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD) e sistema de preparo convencional (SPC). Na camada superficial dos solos (CSS), os óxidos de ferro foram identificados e quantificados através de dissoluções seletivas (Fed, Feo); foram determinados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e de carbono contido das frações da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), obtidas por fracionamento químico; e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP) foi estimada por isotermas de adsorção. A difratometria de raios-X (DRX) indicou predominância dos minerais caulinita e hematita. O SPD não alterou o teor médio de COT nos dois solos, porém alterou a proporção de CO contido nas diferentes frações da MOS, principalmente no LAD. Sob SPC os teores de Fed, Feo e a razão Feo/Fed não apresentaram relação com a profundidade na CSS. O SPD determinou um aumento significativo dos teores de Fed, Feo e da razão Feo/Fed ao longo da CSS no LAD, configurando uma alteração na dinâmica desses minerais, ao contrário do verificado no LAS sob SPD. A dinâmica diferencial dos óxidos de ferro entre os dois ambientes foi determinada, possivelmente, por condições climáticas e pedoambientais distintas, as quais favoreceram processos de dissolução redutiva/neoformação mais efetivos no LAD. A CMAP discriminou os sistemas de manejo somente no LAD, indicando a alteração na dinâmica dos óxidos de ferro nesse solo. A avaliação da dinâmica dos óxidos de ferro em ambientes pedogênicos antropizados amplia a utilização desses minerais como indicadores ambientais e pode contribuir para o melhor entendimento do comportamento do solo.Two Brazilian Oxisols formed under different environmental conditions in Brazil (in Dourados, MT and Santo Ângelo, RS) were investigated for evaluating the alteration of the dynamics of pedogenic iron oxides and of organic matter in long term experiments under no till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). In the surface soil layer (SSL), iron oxides were identified and quantified by selective dissolution (Fed, Feo), total organic carbon and carbon content in organic matter chemical compartments were quantified, and maximum capacity phosphorus adsorption (MCPA) was estimated by adsorption isotherms. X-ray diffraction indicated predominance of the minerals kaolinite and hematite. NT didn't affect the TOC content in the two soils, however it changed the proportion of C contained in the different fractions of the SOM mainly in LAD. Under NT, the contents of Fed, Feo, and the proportion Feo/Fed didn't showed any relationship with the depth of CSS. NT caused a significant increase of contents of Fed, Feo, and in the proportion Feo/Fed in SSL in LAD, indicating a change in the dynamics of those minerals, differently of LAS under NT. The different dynamics of iron oxides between the two environments was possibly determined by climatic and pedological conditions what favored more effective processes of reductive dissolution/neoformation in LAD. MCPA discriminated the management systems only in LAD, indicating an alteration in the dynamics of iron oxides in that soil. The evaluation of the dynamics of iron oxides in pedogenic environments under anthropic influence enhanced the use of those minerals as environmental indicators and can contribute to the better understanding of the behavior of the soil

Iron oxides, organic matter and phosphate adsorption in two oxisols under diferent management systems

Dois latossolos formados em ambientes distintos (Latossolo do Ambiente Dourados, MS = LAD); Latossolo do Ambiente Santo Ângelo, RS = LAS), foram avaliados quanto à alteração na dinâmica dos óxidos de ferro pedogênicos e da matéria orgânica em experimentos de longa duração sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD) e sistema de preparo convencional (SPC). Na camada superficial dos solos (CSS), os óxidos de ferro foram identificados e quantificados através de dissoluções seletivas (Fed, Feo); foram determinados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT) e de carbono contido das frações da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), obtidas por fracionamento químico; e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP) foi estimada por isotermas de adsorção. A difratometria de raios-X (DRX) indicou predominância dos minerais caulinita e hematita. O SPD não alterou o teor médio de COT nos dois solos, porém alterou a proporção de CO contido nas diferentes frações da MOS, principalmente no LAD. Sob SPC os teores de Fed, Feo e a razão Feo/Fed não apresentaram relação com a profundidade na CSS. O SPD determinou um aumento significativo dos teores de Fed, Feo e da razão Feo/Fed ao longo da CSS no LAD, configurando uma alteração na dinâmica desses minerais, ao contrário do verificado no LAS sob SPD. A dinâmica diferencial dos óxidos de ferro entre os dois ambientes foi determinada, possivelmente, por condições climáticas e pedoambientais distintas, as quais favoreceram processos de dissolução redutiva/neoformação mais efetivos no LAD. A CMAP discriminou os sistemas de manejo somente no LAD, indicando a alteração na dinâmica dos óxidos de ferro nesse solo. A avaliação da dinâmica dos óxidos de ferro em ambientes pedogênicos antropizados amplia a utilização desses minerais como indicadores ambientais e pode contribuir para o melhor entendimento do comportamento do solo.Two Brazilian Oxisols formed under different environmental conditions in Brazil (in Dourados, MT and Santo Ângelo, RS) were investigated for evaluating the alteration of the dynamics of pedogenic iron oxides and of organic matter in long term experiments under no till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). In the surface soil layer (SSL), iron oxides were identified and quantified by selective dissolution (Fed, Feo), total organic carbon and carbon content in organic matter chemical compartments were quantified, and maximum capacity phosphorus adsorption (MCPA) was estimated by adsorption isotherms. X-ray diffraction indicated predominance of the minerals kaolinite and hematite. NT didn't affect the TOC content in the two soils, however it changed the proportion of C contained in the different fractions of the SOM mainly in LAD. Under NT, the contents of Fed, Feo, and the proportion Feo/Fed didn't showed any relationship with the depth of CSS. NT caused a significant increase of contents of Fed, Feo, and in the proportion Feo/Fed in SSL in LAD, indicating a change in the dynamics of those minerals, differently of LAS under NT. The different dynamics of iron oxides between the two environments was possibly determined by climatic and pedological conditions what favored more effective processes of reductive dissolution/neoformation in LAD. MCPA discriminated the management systems only in LAD, indicating an alteration in the dynamics of iron oxides in that soil. The evaluation of the dynamics of iron oxides in pedogenic environments under anthropic influence enhanced the use of those minerals as environmental indicators and can contribute to the better understanding of the behavior of the soil

Paddy soils under different uses

Na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, os solos hidromórficos são utilizados intensivamente na atividade agropecuária, constituindo um recurso de importância social, econômica e ambiental. Este estudo teve por objetivo discutir aspectos pedogenéticos e de uso e manejo de solos hidromórficos, pela avaliação de características morfológicas, físicas e químicas dos solos, bem como da composição estrutural e das frações físicas e químicas da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Foram coletadas amostras de seis perfis de solos hidromórficos, sendo quatro sob dois tipos de uso ou manejo. No primeiro estudo foram estudados quanto às suas características morfológicas, físicas e químicas, incluindo o ataque sulfúrico e dissolução seletiva de óxidos de ferro. No segundo estudo foram determinados o carbono orgânico total (COT), o C presente em frações físicas e químicas da MOS, e a composição estrutural e o grau de humificação da MOS pelas técnicas espectroscópicas de fluorescência induzida por laser (FIL), infra-vermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e ressonância magnética nuclear do 13C (RMN 13C CP-MAS). Os solos hidromórficos mostraram diferenças devido à pedogênese e variações devido à alteração de manejo dos solos. A alta relação silte/argila, argila de atividade alta em subsuperfície e valores de Ki elevados indicaram um baixo grau de intemperismo dos solos. O pH, teor de COT, saturação por bases, grau de hidromorfismo, e distribuição granulométrica foram mais sensíveis às alterações induzidas pelo uso e manejo, influenciando na classificação final dos solos. O teor de COT foi inferior em solos sob usos mais intensivos, representando, em alguns casos, impacto na qualidade dos solos e no meio ambiente. A distribuição das frações físicas da MOS foi alterada pelo uso e manejo do solo, sendo o carbono orgânico particulado associado ao cultivo com arroz. A distribuição das frações químicas da MOS mostrou um predomínio de humina em todos os solos, e abundância de frações orgânicas de baixo peso molecular e ácidos húmicos em solos sob uso mais intensivo. Os resultados revelaram forte associação dos aspectos estruturais da MOS com a pedogênese. Dentro de um mesmo solo diferentes formas de utilização (tipo de cobertura vegetal, sistema de manejo e práticas de fertilização) alteraram a composição estrutural da MO dos solos hidromórficos. O grau de humificação da MOS avaliado pela técnica de FIL e o índice de decomposição avaliado por RMN 13C CP-MAS, variaram de acordo com os pedoambientes avaliados, sendo maiores nos perfis sob uso mais intensivo.Paddy soils of Porto Alegre region are intensively used in agriculture, showing social, economic and environmental importance. The aim of this work was study pedogenetic and management aspects of paddy soils by the evaluation of morphological, physical and chemical soil characteristics, structural composition and physical and chemical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM). We collected samples of six paddy soil profiles, four of these with two distinct use or management. In the first study we study morphological, physical and chemical soil characteristics, including sulfuric acid attack and iron oxides selective dissolutions. In the second study, were determined the total organic carbon (TOC), carbon of physical and chemical SOM fractions, and the structural composition and humification degree of SOM through laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF), Fourier transformed infra-red (FTIR) and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR). Paddy soils showed differences due to pedogenetic and variations due to management processes. The high value of silt/clay, subsurface high activity clay and high ki indicated a low soil weathering degree. The pH, TOC, base saturation, hidromorfic degree and particle-size distribution were more sensible to soil management induced alterations, influencing the soil classification. The TOC content was inferior in intensive managed soils, constituting an impact in soil quality and environment. The SOM physical fractions distribution was altered by the soil management, with particulate organic carbon associated to rice cultivation. The SOM chemical fractions distribution showed humin predominance in all the soils, and low weight carbon and humic acids in intensive managed soils. The results showed great association of SOM structural aspects with pedogenesis. Within the same soil, different uses (cover crop, management system and fertilization practices) changed the structural composition of SOM. The humification degree evaluate by LIF and the index of decomposition by 13C NMR varied according environment of soil, and were higher in intensive managed paddy soils