Propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada influenciadas pela cobertura vegetal de inverno e pela adubação orgânica e mineral

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal de inverno, constituída de uma associação de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) com nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), da adubação orgânica com esterco de aves e da adubação mineral sobre propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada do estado de Santa Catarina. As análises foram realizadas em amostras de solo coletadas em agosto de 1994 e janeiro de 1995, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, em um experimento iniciado em 1990. Observou-se que a cobertura vegetal de inverno mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção de nutrientes, especialmente o potássio, e dos níveis de carbono orgânico, dentro dos limites da camada arável. O uso de adubo orgânico proporcionou acúmulo de nutrientes no solo, enquanto os adubos organomineral e mineral mostraram tendência de redução, principalmente dos níveis de potássio do solo

The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture

In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the Botryosphaeriaceae. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the Botryosphaeriaceae, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus.We would like to thank the curators of the numerous fungaria and Biological Resource Centres cited in this paper, for making specimens and cultures available for examination over the past 15 yr, without which this study would not have been possible. Part of this work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) through grant PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011. Artur Alves and Alan Phillips were supported by the programme Ciência 2008, co-funded by the Human Potential Operational Programme (National Strategic Reference Framework 2007–2013) and the European Social Fund (EU).publishe

Ciprofloxacin skin testing: A retrospective study

RATIONALE: Limited information is available regarding the validity of procedures to diagnose allergic adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with fluoroquinolones (FQ). A retrospective study was undertaken to examine the clinical utility of ciprofloxacin (CP) skin testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of 135 charts from patients seen with suspected FQ associated ADRs between 1996-2001 was con- ducted at the Sunnybrook Drug Safety Clinic. Skin testing (prick and intradermal) was performed to CP (0.0001 mg/ml to 0.1 mg/ml) and levofloxacin (0.0001 mg/ml to 0.1 mg/ml) and oral challenge with CP (250 rag) and/or another FQ was administered following the negative skin tests. RESULTS: False positive reactions were associated with concentrations >0.05 mg/ml. 5/135 (4%) tested positive on the skin testing; 2 to levofloxacin and 3 to CP. 20/135 (15%) were positive on the oral challenge; however, only 9 (7%) subjects had reactions consisting of a rash and/or breathing difficulties within the time frame for an immediate or accelerated reaction (between 0 and 72 hours). The other 11 (8%) false negative reactions were potentially non-allergic (eg, pruritus, lightheadedness). There was a significant relationship between the original reaction history (indicative or non-indicative of immediate hypersensitivity) and positive oral challenge outcomes (true false negative or non-specific reactions) (P=0.0014, 95% CI). The negative predictive value for this test was deter- mined to be 93.1%, which is comparable to the negative predictive value for penicillin, the gold standard for skin testing. CONCLUSIONS: Skin testing should be pursued as a diagnostic tool for suspected allergic ADRs associated with FQ antibiotics

The utility of skin testing in suspected clindamycin allergy

RATIONALE: Skin testing has been validated for lgE-mediated reactions associated with penicillin but little information exists regarding this form of testing for other drugs. We explored the clinical utility of clindamycin prick testing and intradermal testing in patients with immediate or delayed reactions to clindamycin. METHODS: A total of 34 subjects with histories of reactions associated with clindamycin (14 accelerated reactions, 11 delayed, and 8 not documented) underwent prick and intradermal skin testing to clindamycin (0.15 mg/ml to 15 mg/ml) between 1999 and 2001. Subjects with negative skin testing received a single oral dose of clindamycin. RESULTS: Although none of the 34 prick and intradermal tests per- formed were positive, a significant number of patients [11/34 (32%)] had reactions to the oral challenge lie, immediate reactions (n=l) and accelerated reactions (n= 10)]. Sensitivity of the prick and intradermal testing was determined to be 0%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 0%, and negative predictive value 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience highlights the low clinical utility of prick and intradermal testing for allergic and cutaneous reactions associated with clindamycin. We caution against the use of clindamycin skin testing as a diagnostic tool in this setting. Although a single oral challenge appears to be highly predictive it should be used selectively given the potential for significant morbidity incurred by induced reactions

Clindamycin skin testing has limited diagnostic potential

We examined the role of clindamycin prick and intradermal skin testing in a tertiary care clinic population. Experience with diagnostic modalities such as prick and intradermal testing has been limited with clindamycin. A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients with immunologic reactions temporally associated with clindamycin who were referred to the Drug Safety Clinic (Toronto, Ontario). A total of 31 patients were identified who had undergone prick and intradermal skin testing. All 31 negative immediate prick and intradermal tests were followed by a 150 mg oral dose of clindamycin. 10/31 (32%) subjects had significant reactions to the oral clindamycin provocation. 2 patients reported delayed reactions at the clindamycin intradermal test sites. Our experience suggests that prick and intradermal skin testing is not adequate in identifying patients with previous allergic reactions associated with clindamycin. Oral provocation tests can be used in patients with histories of clindamycin adverse reactions; however, it should be offered on a risk-benefit basis

Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web

Postponed access: the file will be accessible after 2021-10-29High throughput sequencing and phylogenomic analyses focusing on relationships among spiders have both reinforced and upturned long‐standing hypotheses. Likewise, the evolution of spider webs—perhaps their most emblematic attribute—is being understood in new ways. With a matrix including 272 spider species and close arachnid relatives, we analyze and evaluate the relationships among these lineages using a variety of orthology assessment methods, occupancy thresholds, tree inference methods and support metrics. Our analyses include families not previously sampled in transcriptomic analyses, such as Symphytognathidae, the only araneoid family absent in such prior works. We find support for the major established spider lineages, including Mygalomorphae, Araneomorphae, Synspermiata, Palpimanoidea, Araneoidea and the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis Clade, as well as the uloborids, deinopids, oecobiids and hersiliids Grade. Resulting trees are evaluated using bootstrapping, Shimodaira–Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test, local posterior probabilities and concordance factors. Using structured Markov models to assess the evolution of spider webs while accounting for hierarchically nested traits, we find multiple convergent occurrences of the orb web across the spider tree‐of‐life. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive spider tree‐of‐life to date using transcriptomic data and use new methods to explore controversial issues of web evolution, including the origins and multiple losses of the orb web.acceptedVersio