The Internationalisation of the Spanish food industry: The home market effect and European market integration

The objective of this study was to analyse, from a long-term perspective, the factors determining the process of the internationalisation of the Spanish agrifood industry. The paper concentrates on the empirical verification of the existence of a home market effect in the food and drink industries in Spain and on the effects on trade flows of integration into the European Union. With this aim in mind, we took into account the latest contributions to the estimation of the gravity equation for a sample of export flows from 13 agrifood subsectors between 1970 and 2012, with a destination of 175 markets. From the results of the study the existence of the “home market effect” stands out as the determining factor of the increasing process of internationalisation in the majority of the subsectors of the food industry. On this point, the presence of this effect is remarkable in the most dynamic industries, where the process of restructuring caused by the development of the internal market was more intense. Furthermore, the influence of the process of European integration has been shown by the literature to be a very important factor. Our results qualify in part the results of previous studies, since the positive effect appeared later than expected. The positive effects did not appear until the completion of the process of transition by the dismantling of the barriers established in the treaty of accession to the European Union

Somatotype and digital dermatoglyphic in mexican football players

La valoración de la forma corporal y de las capacidades físicas es una necesidad para la selección, clasificación y entrenamiento de los jugadores de futbol. El presente estudio examinó en futbolistas profesionales mexicanos (N = 49) la relación entre clases de somatotipo y clases de capacidades físicas de acuerdo a dermatoglifia dactilar. Las frecuencias de clases de somatotipo y clases de capacidad física fueron comparadas entre subgrupos de futbolistas. Una mayor proporción de futbolistas se caracterizó por somatotipo mesomorfo balanceado con dermatoglifia tipo 2 y 3 correspondiente a fuerza, fuerza explosiva y velocidad. Esto es consistente con hallazgos previos en futbolistas chilenos y brasileños, extendiendo por tanto la evidencia disponible acerca de somatotipo y dermatoglifia en futbolistas latinoamericanosEvaluating body shape and capacities is needed for selection, classification and training of football players. The present study examined in Mexican male football players (N = 49) the relationship between types of somatotype and types of physical capacities according to digital dermatoglyphics. The frequencies of types of somatotype and of physical capacities were compared between football players subgroups. A higher proportion of football players was characterised by a balanced mesomorph somatotype with dermatoglyphic type 2 and 3 corresponding to strength, explosive strength and velocity. This is consistent with previous findings in Chilenean and Brazilian footballers, Therefore extending the available evidence of somatotype and dermatoglyphics in Latin American football player

Degradación de la Clorofila Presente en (Spirogyra spp.) como Indicator Socio Ambiental de la Presencia de Plaguicidas organofosforados

En la presente investigación se estudió la alteración de la clorofila presente en Spirogyra spp. como indicador de la presencia de tres plaguicidas organofosforados: Curacrón, Malatión y Acefato, a través de ensayos realizados a diferentes concentraciones de los plaguicidas durante un lapso de 72 horas de exposición. Transcurrida la etapa experimental se pudo observar la pérdida de la coloración verde de las algas como resultado de la alteración de su pigmentación natural. El análisis de varianza realizado a los resultados de la medición de la absorbancia de las muestras demuestra una disminución de la concentración de clorofila, en comparación con las muestras testigo de los ensayos. La sensibilidad de las algas al ser expuestas a los plaguicidas organofosforados es una manifestación del alto potencial bioindicador de Spirogyra spp. Este estudio brinda a los agricultores de la comunidad de San Antonio la posibilidad de detectar de manera temprana la presencia de plaguicidas en sus fuentes de agua y abre las puertas a la investigación para posteriores aplicaciones. The alteration of the chlorophyll present in Spirogyra spp. was studied as an indicator of the presence of three organophosphorus pesticides, Curacron, Malathion and Acephate, with tests carried out at different concentrations of the pesticides during a period of 72 hours of exposure. After the experimental stage, it was possible to observe the loss of the green coloration of the algae as a result of the alteration of their natural pigmentation. The analysis of variance based on the results of the measurement of the absorbance of the samples demonstrated a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll compared to the control samples from the trials. The sensitivity of algae to being exposed to organophosphorus pesticides is a manifestation of the high bioindicator potential of Spirogyra spp., which provides farmers in the community of San Antonio the possibility of early detection of the presence of pesticides in their sources of water, and it also opens the doors to research for subsequent applications

Trapping a Highly Reactive Nonheme Iron Intermediate That Oxygenates Strong CH Bonds with Stereoretention

An unprecedentedly reactive iron species (2) has been generated by reaction of excess peracetic acid with a mononuclear iron complex [FeII(CF3SO3)2(PyNMe3)] (1) at cryogenic temperatures, and characterized spectroscopically. Compound 2 is kinetically competent for breaking strong C―H bonds of alkanes (BDE ≈ 100 kcal·mol−1) through a hydrogen-atom transfer mechanism, and the transformations proceed with stereoretention and regioselectively, responding to bond strength, as well as to steric and polar effects. Bimolecular reaction rates are at least an order of magnitude faster than those of the most reactive synthetic high-valent nonheme oxoiron species described to date. EPR studies in tandem with kinetic analysis show that the 490 nm chromophore of 2 is associated with two S = 1/2 species in rapid equilibrium. The minor component 2a (∼5% iron) has g-values at 2.20, 2.19, and 1.99 characteristic of a low-spin iron(III) center, and it is assigned as [FeIII(OOAc)(PyNMe3)]2+, also by comparison with the EPR parameters of the structurally characterized hydroxamate analogue [FeIII(tBuCON(H)O)(PyNMe3)]2+ (4). The major component 2b (∼40% iron, g-values = 2.07, 2.01, 1.95) has unusual EPR parameters, and it is proposed to be [FeV(O)(OAc)(PyNMe3)]2+, where the O―O bond in 2a has been broken. Consistent with this assignment, 2b undergoes exchange of its acetate ligand with CD3CO2D and very rapidly reacts with olefins to produce the corresponding cis-1,2-hydroxoacetate product. Therefore, this work constitutes the first example where a synthetic nonheme iron species responsible for stereospecific and site selective C―H hydroxylation is spectroscopically trapped, and its catalytic reactivity against C―H bonds can be directly interrogated by kinetic methods. The accumulated evidence indicates that 2 consists mainly of an extraordinarily reactive [FeV(O)(OAc)(PyNMe3)]2+ (2b) species capable of hydroxylating unactivated alkyl C―H bonds with stereoretention in a rapid and site-selective manner, and that exists in fast equilibrium with its [FeIII(OOAc)(PyNMe3)]2+ precursor

Experimental validation of a one-dimensional twin-entry radial turbine model under non-linear pulse conditions

This is the author¿s version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419869157[EN] This article presents the experimental validation of a complete integrated one-dimensional twin-scroll turbine model able to be used in reciprocating internal combustion engine unsteady simulations. A passenger car with a twin-entry-type turbine has been tested under engine-like pulse conditions by means of a specifically built gas stand. To obtain high-resolution quality data, the turbine and turbine line pipes have been instrumented with mean and instantaneous pressure sensors as well as temperature and mass flow sensors, employing a uniquely designed rotating valve for the pulse generation. This experimental configuration enables to obtain the pressure decomposition in both inlets and outlets of the turbine. Using the experimental data obtained, the model is fully validated, with special focus on the reflected and transmitted components for analysing the performance of the model and its non-linear acoustics prediction capabilities. The model presents a very high degree of correlation with the experimental results, providing a range of errors similar to the uncertainty of the measurements, even in the medium- and high-frequency spectra.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the 'Ayuda a Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion' (PAID-06-18), Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Transferencia de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain. P.S. was partially supported through contract FPI-2017-S2-1428 of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID) of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Serrano, J.; Arnau Martínez, FJ.; García-Cuevas González, LM.; Soler-Blanco, P.; Cheung, R. (2021). Experimental validation of a one-dimensional twin-entry radial turbine model under non-linear pulse conditions. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(2):390-406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419869157S390406222Watson, N., & Janota, M. S. (1982). Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04024-7Galindo, J., Fajardo, P., Navarro, R., & García-Cuevas, L. M. (2013). Characterization of a radial turbocharger turbine in pulsating flow by means of CFD and its application to engine modeling. Applied Energy, 103, 116-127. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.013Torregrosa, A. J., Broatch, A., Navarro, R., & García-Tíscar, J. (2014). Acoustic characterization of automotive turbocompressors. International Journal of Engine Research, 16(1), 31-37. doi:10.1177/1468087414562866Serrano, J. R., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., Inhestern, L. B., & Tartoussi, H. (2017). Radial turbine performance measurement under extreme off-design conditions. Energy, 125, 72-84. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.118Piscaglia, F., Onorati, A., Marelli, S., & Capobianco, M. (2018). A detailed one-dimensional model to predict the unsteady behavior of turbocharger turbines for internal combustion engine applications. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(3), 327-349. doi:10.1177/1468087417752525Galindo, J., Arnau, F. J., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Soler, P. (2018). Experimental validation of a quasi-two-dimensional radial turbine model. International Journal of Engine Research, 21(6), 915-926. doi:10.1177/1468087418788502Rajoo, S., Romagnoli, A., & Martinez-Botas, R. F. (2012). Unsteady performance analysis of a twin-entry variable geometry turbocharger turbine. Energy, 38(1), 176-189. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.017Rajoo, S., & Martinez-Botas, R. (2008). Variable Geometry Mixed Flow Turbine for Turbochargers: An Experimental Study. International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems, 1(1), 155-168. doi:10.5293/ijfms.2008.1.1.155Copeland, C. D., Martinez-Botas, R., & Seiler, M. (2010). Comparison Between Steady and Unsteady Double-Entry Turbine Performance Using the Quasi-Steady Assumption. Journal of Turbomachinery, 133(3). doi:10.1115/1.4000580Copeland, C. D., Martinez-Botas, R., & Seiler, M. (2011). Unsteady Performance of a Double Entry Turbocharger Turbine With a Comparison to Steady Flow Conditions. Journal of Turbomachinery, 134(2). doi:10.1115/1.4003171Costall, A. W., McDavid, R. M., Martinez-Botas, R. F., & Baines, N. C. (2010). Pulse Performance Modeling of a Twin Entry Turbocharger Turbine Under Full and Unequal Admission. Journal of Turbomachinery, 133(2). doi:10.1115/1.4000566Yang, M., Martinez-Botas, R., Rajoo, S., Yokoyama, T., & Ibaraki, S. (2015). An investigation of volute cross-sectional shape on turbocharger turbine under pulsating conditions in internal combustion engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 105, 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.038Copeland, C. D., Newton, P. J., Martinez-Botas, R., & Seiler, M. (2011). The Effect of Unequal Admission on the Performance and Loss Generation in a Double-Entry Turbocharger Turbine. Journal of Turbomachinery, 134(2). doi:10.1115/1.4003226Cerdoun, M., & Ghenaiet, A. (2018). Unsteady behaviour of a twin entry radial turbine under engine like inlet flow conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 130, 93-111. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.001Payri, F., Benajes, J., & Reyes, M. (1996). Modelling of supercharger turbines in internal-combustion engines. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 38(8-9), 853-869. doi:10.1016/0020-7403(95)00105-0Chiong, M. S., Rajoo, S., Martinez-Botas, R. F., & Costall, A. W. (2012). Engine turbocharger performance prediction: One-dimensional modeling of a twin entry turbine. Energy Conversion and Management, 57, 68-78. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2011.12.001Chiong, M. S., Rajoo, S., Romagnoli, A., Costall, A. W., & Martinez-Botas, R. F. (2016). One-dimensional pulse-flow modeling of a twin-scroll turbine. Energy, 115, 1291-1304. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.041Galindo, J., Navarro, R., García-Cuevas, L. M., Tarí, D., Tartoussi, H., & Guilain, S. (2018). A zonal approach for estimating pressure ratio at compressor extreme off-design conditions. International Journal of Engine Research, 20(4), 393-404. doi:10.1177/1468087418754899Payri, F., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2014). External heat losses in small turbochargers: Model and experiments. Energy, 71, 534-546. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.096Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Arnau, F. J., Dombrovsky, A., & Smith, L. (2015). Turbocharger heat transfer and mechanical losses influence in predicting engines performance by using one-dimensional simulation codes. Energy, 86, 204-218. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.130Gil, A., Tiseira, A. O., García-Cuevas, L. M., Usaquén, T. R., & Mijotte, G. (2018). Fast three-dimensional heat transfer model for computing internal temperatures in the bearing housing of automotive turbochargers. International Journal of Engine Research, 21(8), 1286-1297. doi:10.1177/1468087418804949Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Tiseira, A., García-Cuevas, L. M., & Lefebvre, A. (2013). Theoretical and experimental study of mechanical losses in automotive turbochargers. Energy, 55, 888-898. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.042Piñero, G., Vergara, L., Desantes, J. M., & Broatch, A. (2000). Estimation of velocity fluctuation in internal combustion engine exhaust systems through beamforming techniques. Measurement Science and Technology, 11(11), 1585-1595. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/11/11/307Zimmermann, R., Baar, R., & Biet, C. (2016). Determination of the isentropic turbine efficiency due to adiabatic measurements and the validation of the conditions via a new criterion. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 232(24), 4485-4494. doi:10.1177/0954406216670683Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Gracía-Cuevas, L. M., Samala, V., & Smith, L. (2019). Experimental approach for the characterization and performance analysis of twin entry radial-inflow turbines in a gas stand and with different flow admission conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 159, 113737. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113737Serrano, J. R., Olmeda, P., Páez, A., & Vidal, F. (2010). An experimental procedure to determine heat transfer properties of turbochargers. Measurement Science and Technology, 21(3), 035109. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/21/3/035109Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Dolz, V., Tiseira, A., & Cervelló, C. (2008). A model of turbocharger radial turbines appropriate to be used in zero- and one-dimensional gas dynamics codes for internal combustion engines modelling. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(12), 3729-3745. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.031Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., Fajardo, P., Reyes Belmonte, M. A., & Vidal, F. (2012). Contribution to the Modeling and Understanding of Cold Pulsating Flow Influence in the Efficiency of Small Radial Turbines for Turbochargers. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 134(10). doi:10.1115/1.4007027Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., García-Cuevas, L. M., Dombrovsky, A., & Tartoussi, H. (2016). Development and validation of a radial turbine efficiency and mass flow model at design and off-design conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 128, 281-293. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.032Chen, H., Hakeem, I., & Martinez-Botas, R. F. (1996). Modelling of a Turbocharger Turbine Under Pulsating Inlet Conditions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 210(5), 397-408. doi:10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_063_02Galindo, J., Serrano, J. R., Arnau, F. J., & Piqueras, P. (2009). Description of a Semi-Independent Time Discretization Methodology for a One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics Model. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 131(3). doi:10.1115/1.2983015Van Leer, B. (1974). Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme. Journal of Computational Physics, 14(4), 361-370. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(74)90019-9Toro, E. F., Spruce, M., & Speares, W. (1994). Restoration of the contact surface in the HLL-Riemann solver. Shock Waves, 4(1), 25-34. doi:10.1007/bf01414629Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., & Lewy, H. (1928). �ber die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik. Mathematische Annalen, 100(1), 32-74. doi:10.1007/bf01448839Harris, F. J. (1978). On the use of windows for harmonic analysis with the discrete Fourier transform. Proceedings of the IEEE, 66(1), 51-83. doi:10.1109/proc.1978.10837Welch, P. (1967). The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 15(2), 70-73. doi:10.1109/tau.1967.116190

Crosstalk between uterine serpin (SERPINA14) and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins at the fetal-maternal interface in pregnant dairy heifers experimentally infected with Neospora caninum

Infection with Neospora caninum is the leading cause of abortion in cattle. In cows naturally infected with N caninum, plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) 1 and 2 indicate fetal-placental well-being, whereas an excess of progesterone in the second trimester of gestation has been related to high abortion rate. The immunosuppressive action of progesterone on the uterus during gestation has been attributed in part to the uterine serpins (SERPINA14). This study examines expression patterns of the genes SERPINA14, PAG, and PAG2 at the fetal-maternal interface in dairy heifers experimentally infected with N caninum during the second trimester of pregnancy, when most abortions takes place in natural conditions. Irrespective of infection, expression of SERPINAI4 was higher, and expression of PAG1 and PAG2 lower, for intercaruncular endometrium than for caruncles or cotyledons. Cotyledonary tissues showed the highest expression of both PAG genes but lowest expression of SERPINAI4. The expression of SERPINAI4 was significantly higher in intercaruncular endometrium of control dams than for infected animals, pointing to potential disruption of modulation of maternal immune function during infection. Dramatically reduced SERPINAI4 was particularly apparent in infected dams with aborted fetuses. There was also a negative association between N caninum antibody titers with SERPINAI4 and PAG expression in infected animals, further suggesting that N caninum infection downregulates the uterine immunosuppressive function of SERPINAI4.This study was supported by a grant from the Spanish MINECO (AGL2012-39830-C02-01/02) and FEDER. Ramón Mur-Novales was awarded an FPI grant by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN, BES-2013-063215. The authors thank Ana Burton for editorial assistance, the farmers who provided the experimental animals and the staff of CReSA for their help with managing the animals, and Dr. L.M. Ortega-Mora (SALUVET, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain), for the Neospora isolate

Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing isolates from the Mediterranean area

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Beijing lineage of <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </it>is causing concern due to its global distribution and its involvement in severe outbreaks. Studies focused on this lineage are mainly restricted to geographical settings where its prevalence is high, whereas those in other areas are scarce. In this study, we analyze Beijing isolates in the Mediterranean area, where this lineage is not prevalent and is mainly associated with immigrant cases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Only 1% (N = 26) of the isolates from two population-based studies in Spain corresponded to Beijing strains, most of which were pan-susceptible and from Peruvian and Ecuadorian patients. Restriction fragment length polymorphism typing with the insertion sequence IS<it>6110 </it>identified three small clusters (2-3 cases). Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat typing (MIRU-15) offered low discriminatory power, requiring the introduction of five additional loci. A selection of the Beijing isolates identified in the Spanish sample, together with a sample of Beijing strains from Italy, to broaden the analysis context in the Mediterranean area, were assayed in an infection model with THP-1 cells. A wide range of intracellular growth rates was observed with only two isolates showing an increased intracellular replication, in both cases associated with contained production of TNF-α. No correlation was observed between virulence and the Beijing phylogenetic group, clustered/orphan status, or resistance. The Beijing strain responsible for extensive spread on Gran Canaria Island was also identified in Madrid, but did not lead to secondary cases and did not show high infectivity in the infection model.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The Beijing lineage in our area is a non-homogeneous family, with only certain highly virulent representatives. The specific characterization of Beijing isolates in different settings could help us to accurately identify the virulent representatives before making general assumptions about this lineage.</p

Dark energy survey year 3 results: Galaxy sample for BAO measurement

Rosell, A., et al. (DES Collaboration)In this paper, we present and validate the galaxy sample used for the analysis of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Y3 data. The definition is based on a colour and redshift-dependent magnitude cut optimized to select galaxies at redshifts higher than 0.5, while ensuring a high-quality determination. The sample covers ~4100 deg2 to a depth of i = 22.3 (AB) at 10s. It contains 7031 993 galaxies in the redshift range from z = 0.6 to 1.1, with a mean effective redshift of 0.835. Redshifts are estimated with the machine learning algorithm DNF, and are validated using the VIPERS PDR2 sample. We find a mean redshift bias of zbias~0.01 and a mean uncertainty, in units of 1 + z, of σ68~0.03. We evaluate the galaxy population of the sample, showing it is mostly built upon Elliptical to Sbc types. Furthermore, we find a low level of stellar contamination of ≤ 4 per cent. We present the method used to mitigate the effect of spurious clustering coming from observing conditions and other large-scale systematics.We apply it to the BAO sample and calculate weights that are used to get a robust estimate of the galaxy clustering signal. This paper is one of a series dedicated to the analysis of the BAO signal in DES Y3. In the companion papers, we present the galaxy mock catalogues used to calibrate the analysis and the angular diameter distance constraints obtained through the fitting to the BAO scale.The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838,PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). ACR acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) under grant AYA2017-84061-P, co-financed by FEDER (European Regional Development Funds) and by the Spanish Space Research Program ‘Participation in the NISP instrument and preparation for the science of EUCLID’ (ESP2017-84272-C2-1-R). SA was supported by the MICUES project, funded by the EU’s H2020 MSCA grant agreement no. 713366 (InterTalentum UAM)